1、IELTS写作 Lesson 3 饼图&混合图&大作文,一、饼图 剑8 Test 2 Task 1 The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981, 1991 and 2001. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,第一段：改写题目 The charts show how
2、 much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years: 1981, 1991 and 2001. 第二段：比较份额较大的两个部分：teachers salaries & other workers salaries In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of
3、spending in 2001, teachers pay remained the biggest cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001. Cost, spending, expenditure, consumption,第三段：描述剩下的部分 Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period.
4、In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001. 第四段
5、 Overall, teachers salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops in expenditure on things such as books and on other workers salaries.,练习1：剑7 Test 4 Task 1 The pie charts below show units of
6、electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,1.,练习2：剑9 Test 3 Task 1 The charts below give information on the ages of the populations of Yemen and Italy in
7、2000 and projections for 2050. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,1.,三、混合图形题 剑8 Test 1 Task 1 The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected
8、three regions of the world during the 1990s. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,第一段：描述pie chart The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally, 65% of degradation
9、 is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation of crops. Other causes account for only 7% collectively. Because of + 短语/ 词组； because + 句子 Attribute to 归结于,第二段：描述表格内容 These causes affected
10、 different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania and North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 0.2% of land affected respectively. Europe, with the highest overall percentage of land degraded
11、(23%), also suffered from over-cultivation (7.7%) and over-grazing (5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing (11.3%). North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation (3.3%) and
12、, to a lesser extent, over-grazing (1.5%).,第三段 Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation.,练习：剑6 Test 1 Task 1 utilisation n. 使用 The graph and table below give information about wa
13、ter use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,1.,一、流程图8分范文 剑6 Test 3 Task 1 The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of si
14、lk cloth. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,第一段：描述第一幅流程图 The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to b
15、ecome a silkworm larva (n. 幼虫) that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon（n.茧） of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. Show/ dem
16、onstrate/ illustrate/ present/ indicate/ state,第二段：描写第二幅图 The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be t
17、wisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage. 第三段 Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.,练习：剑8 Test 3 Task 1 The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-mak
18、ing process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,These diagrams show the approaches and equipments used in cement-making process and concrete-making process. On
19、the first stage, limestone and clay are used as the raw materials to be put through crusher and become powder. Then, the powder will go through mixer and rotating heater, while being heated in the latter equipment. Afterwards, it will pass through grinder to become cement. Eventually, cement will be
20、 packed into bags. Moving on to the second picture, cement is utilised as one of the raw materials with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete. Gravel accounted for the largest proportion at half of the total. It is followed by sand, cement and water, which constitute 25%, 15% and 10% respective
21、ly.,二、地图题词汇和短语 1. in, on, to的用法In: 表示A在B内部；On: 表示A和B接壤；To: 表示A和B分开。 2. 描述方位的句型 (1) A在B的东方A is in/on/to the east of B.A lies in/on/to the east of B.A stands in/on/to the east of B.A is situated/is located in/on/to the east of B.,Eg. A在B西北部的120千米处。 A lies 120km to the northwest of B. (2) 临近、靠近 Eg. 操场在
22、校医院旁边。 The play ground is adjacent to school hospital. The play ground is next to school hospital. The play ground is close to school hospital. (3) A在B的对面 A is on the opposite side of B A is just opposite to B.,2. (1)前者: the former 后者：the latter(2)原来的事物：the previous, the original, the former, the in
23、itial 3. 尺寸上变大: enlarge, extend, double, triple, increased four-fold变小: to be halved/shrank(shrink)/reduced (decrease, decline) 4. 原有的事物没了/被去除了：be removed, no longer exist, be demolished (v. 拆除) 5. 原有的事物被改为 A is transformed/ reconstructed/ redeveloped/ converted/ altered to B. A is replaced by/ subs
24、tituted (substitution) by B. A gives way to B. 或 A makes room for B. A让出位置给B。,6. 新建起来的事物 A new car park will be built/ be established/ be set up/ be constructed in A newly-built/ -established/ -constructed/ -developed/ -added road will be located Eg. The year 2050 will witness an addition to the lan
25、d: a playground which will be located 7. P15-16 补充词汇: 选址类、历史变迁,三、历史变迁7分范文 剑9 Test 1 Task 1 The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,第一段
26、：总结第一幅图描写变化前，第二幅图描写变化后 The two maps show the same island while first one is before and the second one is after the construction for tourism. 第二段：描写第一幅图 Looking first at the one before construction, we can see a huge island with a beach in the west. The total length of the island is approximately 250
27、 metres.,第三段：描写第二幅图 Moving on to the second map, we can see that there are lots of buildings on the island. There are two areas of accommodation. One is in the west near the beach while the other one is in the centre of the island. Between them, there is a restaurant in the north and a central recep
28、tion block, which is surrounded by a vehicle track. This track also goes down to the pier (n. 码头) where people can go sailing in the south sea of the island. Furthermore, tourists can swim near the beach in the west. A footpath connecting the western accommodation units also leads to the beach. Conn
29、ect with/ link to/ go down Straightly/ directly A directly links to B.,第四段：总结 Overall, comparing the two maps, there are significant changes after this development. Not only are lots of facilities built on the island, but also the sea is used for activities. The new island has become a good place fo
30、r tourism. not onlybut also句型应当宾语前置，are应当提前！ I not only have an apple, but also have a banana. Not only do I have an apple, but also have a banana.I not only have finished my homework, but also have reviewed the lessons. Not only have I finished my homework, but also have reviewed the lessons.,练习：Th
31、e map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,1.,四、选址题8分范文 剑5 Test 3 Task 1 The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned
32、 for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,第一段：总结 The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon. 第二段：描写location 1 The first pot
33、ential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdo
34、n who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.,第三段：描写location 2 In contrast，the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which wo
35、uld be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult. 第四段：总结 Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the
36、 towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.,政府决策和公共事务类,法制与犯罪 Law & Crimes,全球化 Globalization,发展类 Development,大作文话题 P26,教育类 Education,科技类 Technology,媒体类 Media,文化类 Culture,环境类 Environment,动物、旅游、价值观类,Advantage & disadvantage
37、,Discussion,Agree or disagree,Cause & effect,Problem & solution,Compare & contrast,1) Argumentation （看法不一，正负都要论述。）,第一段：改写题目 + 自己的观点 第二段：论点1 + 论据；论点2 + 论据； 第三段：However, 反方的论点 + 论据+ 第四段：总结 + 重述你的观点,2) Report (说出一种不好的现象的原因和解决方 法。),第一段：改写题目+过渡句； 第二段：原因1 + 叙述；原因2 + 叙述； 第三段：解决办法1 + 叙述；解决办法2 + 叙述； 第四段：总结,一
38、、教育类话题 Teachers can instruct students based on their own unique talents. 谁应该支付学费 考试对学生的影响 outweigh 出国留学的利弊 就业难的原因 大学教育的目的 1)大学教育or直接工作 2)直接上大学or旅行/ 工作一年 高等教育是否应该对全民开放 谁对孩子的教育负责？老师or家长？1)寄宿制学校好还是非寄宿制学校好？ 2)私立好还是公立好？1)大学宿舍是校内宿舍好还是校外公寓好？2)住学校好还是住家好？ 是大班授课好还是小班教学好？ 入学新生面临的困难 school authorities 学术(理论课程)&
39、实践课程( 社会经验)哪个重要？,14. 1)学生选课要按谁的意志？自己的还是国家的？2) 高中生是否应该在17岁以后再选专业？ 15. 听家人长辈的意见好还是根据自己的经验好？ 16.学生是否要评价老师？ 17. 师从电脑还是老师？ 18. 跟老师学好还是自学好？ 19. 校服 20. 1) 学外语是否要出国? 2) 学外语是否要学该国文化？ 21. 空闲时间是否应该拿来学习？Solid foundation Vivid adj. 生动的,新颖的题目： Some people like different friends. Others like similar friends. Which
40、 kind of friends do you prefer? Explain why? Most young people without a partner would prefer to have a boyfriend or girlfriend. Yet being in a relationship when you are young is not always a good idea. Do you agree or disagree? Some people prefer to spend time with one or two close friends. Others
41、choose to spend time with a large number of friends. Compare the advantages of each choice. Which of these two ways of spending time do you prefer? Many problems in schools are aroused by the attitudes of students. How do these problems form? What should we do to change the situation? As reading is
42、important for a good education, we should encourage our children to read whatever appeals to (对有吸引力) them. Do you agree or disagree?,教育类词汇 获取（知识）：acquire/ gain/ attain/ obtain/ get access to knowledge 掌握技能：grasp skills 培养道德和美德：cultivate morality and virtue 培养守法公民：nurture law-abiding citizens 培养沟通技能：
43、develop communicative skills 拓展一个人的潜力：expand ones potential 激发学习兴趣和动力：stimulate learning interests and motivation 参与教学活动：participate in/ take part in/ get involved in teaching activities,Stimulate v. 刺激；激发 accumulate v. 积累 accelerate v. 加速 imitate v. 模仿 intimate adj. 亲密的 intimidating adj. 恐怖的；吓人的,将知
44、识应用到实践中：apply the knowledge into practice 找到得体和高薪的工作：get decent and well-paid jobs 树立积极的世界观：shape a positive world view 分辨是非黑白: distinguish right from wrong；tell right from wrong 个性：individuality; personality 传授、灌输：instruct, impart to, imbue, equip with; pass 重视：place emphasis on, attach importance
45、to, highlight, put as priority Eg. Government should attach importance to environmental protection. 忽视：ignore, neglect, （underestimate v. 低估）, place less emphasis on,丰富的：a variety of, abundant, a wide range of, extensive 多才多艺的: versatile 专业的：specialised; professional 服从的：obedient 不服从的：disobedient 自律
46、的：self-disciplinary 自律：self-discipline 初等教育：primary education; elementary education中等教育：secondary education 高等教育：high education, university education， advanced education junior high school 初中 senior high school 高中 职业培训：vocational training vacation n. 假期 理论知识：theoretical knowledge; theory n. 理论,以职业为导
47、向的教育模式: career-oriented educational mode 以学生为中心的教学方法：student-centred teaching approach 综合技能：comprehensive skills； 理解: comprehension 文化水平：literacy level 文学：literature 集体活动：collective activities, group activities 同伴影响：peer influence 榜样：role models 合作, collaboration, teamwork， cooperation 竞争：compete v.
48、 有竞争力的 competitive adj. 竞争力 competitiveness n. 竞争力,自私的: selfish, egocentric 贪婪的：greedy 懒惰的：lazy, indolent 勤奋的：diligent 优秀的：outstanding, excellent, highly-achieved 差的，弱的：weak, inferior,教育类Argumentation 8分范文 Task 2 Should the goal of college education be to ensure that the students find a good job or
49、should it aim at cultivating the students overall abilities? 大学教育的目的是为了找到一份好工作还是为了培养学生全面的能力？,What should be the purpose of college education? No doubt, different people, or even different universities, may see it quite differently. As to me, I tend to support the view that it should aim at cultivati
50、ng the students overall abilities. 在我看来： as to me; as far as I am concerned; from my point of view; from my perspective,First of all, social progress needs overall developed college graduates in the long run. When we ask ourselves the question: “ What kind of college graduates does the society need?
51、” The answer is just too obvious: ones with a good command of the knowledge in their own fields of study, ones with a healthy body, ones with a healthy mentality, ones with good communication skills, ones with teamwork spirit, ones with creative, innovative ability or the ability for implementation. What are all these things? Again, the answer is just simple : overall abilities. Implementation ability 执行力,
