1、Specific Writing Skills of Abstracts in Bio-Medical Research Papers,刘帅 广州中医药大学,Outline:,1 Introduction of Abstracts2 Compositions of Structured Abstract3 Writing Skills4 Conclusion5 Assignments,Introduction of Abstracts,What is Abstract? An abstract is defined as an abbreviated , accurate representa
2、tion of the contents of a document, prepared by its author (s) for publication with it. Such abstracts are also useful in access publications and machine-readable data bases. -American National Standards Institute,Types of Abstracts,(1) Indicative Abstract 指示性摘要 (2) Informative Abstract 报道性摘要 (3) In
3、formative-Indicative Abstract报道-指示性摘要 (4) Structured Abstract 结构式摘要 (5) Critical Abstract 评论性摘要,Indicative Abstract,Key points involved only No information of methods and materials No information of data and results Not very long sentences (some are even with one or two sentences) Generally, present
4、 tense and perfect present tense are used,论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤 Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract,本文综述了治疗原发于胃肠道淋巴瘤的主要经验 ，并就该病的临床、病理及治疗等问题进行了讨论。 Abstract: An institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal Lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL
5、are discussed.,Informative Abstract,Concrete information are included: A: Brief Introduction：Background, Objective/Purpose, Explanation; B: Procedure and Result of the Research C: Conclusion D: Future Prospects,恶性高血压与吸烟 (Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking ),摘要： 将48例高血压患者与92例非恶性高作了吸烟习 惯的对比研
6、究。初诊时已吸烟的恶性高血压患者有33 例，非恶性患者34例，两者之间有明显差异。即使对男 性患者进行比较，或将白人与黑人分别进行比较，这种差 异也仍然显著。本研究表明：恶性高血压是一种与吸烟有 关的疾病。,Abstract: The smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compared with those of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with maligna
7、nt and 34 of the patients with non- malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette
8、 smoking.,Structured Abstract,The most popular type and example -Structured AbstractDr. Haynes firstly used Structured Abstract on Annal of Internal Medicine内科学记事in 1987Since then, this type of abstract has been widely used by biological and medical journals, esp. medical journalsFamous medical jour
9、nals like JAMA, New England Journal of Medicine, etc.,Factor V Leiden and PTG20210A gene mutation in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy blood donors Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the incidence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210A mutation in patients with venous thrombosis and
10、 healthy volunteers. Methods: Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210A mutation were analyzed in 97 cases of venous thrombosis and 100 healthy volunteers with the methods of one-step PCR-RFLP. Results: PCR products for the factor V gene (175bp) and for the prothrobin gene (118 bp) were identifie
11、d to 157 bp and 98 bp fragments by electrophoreses after Taq I treatment. No factor V Leiden and prothrombien gene G20210A mutation were found in either group. Conclusion: The low incidence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210A mutation suggest that they are not the major genetic risk fact
12、ors for thrombophilia in the Chinese population. - International Journal of Hematology, 2007 Springer,Compositions of Structured Abstract,（1）OMRAC/ AMRAC Format (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, Vancouver Style, 1997) (国际医学期刊编辑委员会温哥华 格式) Objective/Purpose/Aim 目的 Methods 方法 Results
13、 结果 Conclusion 结论 The pattern for most journals of both domestic & international.,2) Special requirements of some international famous journals,The New England Journal of Medicine:Background; Methods; Results; Conclusions Lancet:Background; Methods; Findings; Interpretation JAMA (Journal of American
14、 Medical Association): Context(背景); Objective; Design, Setting(地点), and Participants; Main Outcome Measure(主要观察 指标); Results; Conclusion.,Characteristics of Structured Abstract,(1) Assist health professionals in selecting clinically relevant and methodologically valid journal articles for its clear
15、& reasonable structure 、large amount of information 结构合理、条理分明 信息量大 (2)Guide authors in summarizing the content of their manuscripts precisely 准确而具体地表达论文的主要内容 (3) Facilitate the peer-review process for manuscripts submitted for publication 便于审编、校对和阅读(4) Enhance computerized literature searching 便于计算机
16、输入、存储和检索,Writing Skills for Structured Abstract,1 Objective 1.1 时态 (Past Tense / Present Tense)The purpose of this study was to test the safety And effectiveness of We aimed to determine whether the Victorian measles surveillance system had missed hospitalized cases of measles during an inter-epidem
17、ic period.This paper describes the use of a personality-based approach to the establishment of the therapeutic alliance.,1.2 常用结构和句型1.2.1 表示“目的”的常用词及用法Aim/ Attempt-n. & v. The aim of this investigation/ the present study was to The aims of this study were to The research was aimed at identifying Thi
18、s study was aimed at documenting the existence of In a first attempt to elucidate its function, we examinedAn attempt was made/undertaken to The authors attempt to evaluate the degree,Goal/Intent/Purpose-n. A major goal is prevention of acceleration-induced lossof consciousness. The intent of the st
19、udy was to is described for the purpose of Intend-v. This report/paper is intended to In this study, we intended to test the hypothesis thatIt is intended to remind the reader of this pathology, which is often forgotten because of its rarity.,1.2.2 表示 “目的” 的常见不定式结构（Infinitive Structures ）To analyze
20、/ ascertain/ assess/ characterize/ clarify/ describe/ determine/ distinguish/ elucidate/ establish/ estimate/ evaluate/ construct/ estimate/ examine/ explore/ expose/ identify/ investigate/ provide/ report/ study/ test/ understand/ validate/ To analyze whether patients with RA have an intrinsic defe
21、ct in T cell proliferation and survivalTo characterize the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase(MMPs) by adenosine. To further explore the characteristics of various fibrous materials, we studiedTo investigate patterns of synovial and systemic cytokine messenger RNA expression in mice,2 Methods 2.
22、1 时态(Past Tense ) Several outcome measures were applied , and the results were compared with findings in previously described cohorts.Oligonucleotide primers were developed for nested PCR based on Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, and Neisseria DNA sequence. Five of the patients had been treated with progester
23、one(黄 体酮). Multiple meningiomas (脑膜瘤)were observed in 2 patients.,2.2 表示“方法”的常用词及用法（Common Words or Phases ）Carry out / Conduct Hyperthermia was carried out/ conducted using a novel waster- filled , infrared-A radiation technique. Develop An on-line thermo-spray liquid chromatography mass spectromet
24、ry method was developed to We have also developed methods for the analysis of Design This study/ The present study was designed to Perform/ UndertakeWe performed a prospective study in our teaching hospital toHuman studies have been undertaken to test this thesis. For this reason an attempt was unde
25、rtaken for quantitative evaluation of ,2.3 常用结构和句型2.3.1 表达研究方法的句型 (using / by using /employing) Using a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis , we comparedBy using a multivariate risk algorithm involving the combination of AFP 56.5% of Down syndrome cases could be detected 2.3.2 表达分组的句型be (randoml
26、y) divided/ categorized/separated/allocated /assigned intogroups / be randomized into/ perform a randomized study 2.3.3 各种检查与手术治疗的句型 Neonates also were examined for neurobehavioral assessments by 68 patients underwent esophageal replacement for benign disease,All patients received satisfactory anest
27、hesia for operation. Ligation of the common carotid artery was done in one patientsIn as much as 217 patients were operated on for extra-cranial occlusive carotid disease. 2.3.4 有关“剂量”的表达in a dose / each dose; daily dose/ the dosage in a day; the initial dose; a/ the total dose 2.3.5 “疗效” 的表达 curati
28、ve/ therapeutic effect; efficacy of the treatment/ drug High efficacy; good curative effect/ respond well to Criteria to test the efficacy / effectiveness,3 Results 3.1 时态(Past Tense)We found that the level of plasma obese protein in the NIDDM patients was significant lower than that of the normal s
29、ubjects and the obesity patients , and was closely correlated to the symptom of polyphagia(贪食症). Two patients developed diffuse alveolar damage due to acute respiratory distress syndrome(急性呼吸窘迫综合症) and were ventilator dependent for more than 20 days. Twenty-two of 24 patients who underwent the combi
30、ned procedures were glad that they had both procedures concomitantly.,3.2 表达结果的句型3.2.1 叙述观察结果We found/ observed thatIt was found/ observed/ noted/ seen/ recorded that 3.2.2 量的变化(1) the prevalence increased with age estrogen replacement therapy reduced excretion of zinclevel rapidly declined in HL-60
31、 cells following but were transiently elevated by two other apoptosis (2) Cell number increased by almost 50% during the first 24 hours zinc excretion decreased by 35% aster 3 months and ,3.2.3 评价效果及其他Overall clinical effects were excellent in 2, good in 12 with an efficacy rate of 100%.The direct h
32、ealth care costs forpatients exceeded those for patients by almost 2-fols.,4 Conclusion 4.1 时态(Present Tense)This study suggests that IVIG can ameliorate the symptoms and improve the functional capability of RA patients . Combination pelvic floor surgery provides good outcomes and is cost effective.
33、 This approach should be offered to women with concurrent problemsIn conclusion, patients infected with influenza A subtypes H5N1 are at risk of major complications, especially severe primary viral pneumonia. Rapid viral diagnosis is feasible and useful in clinical management.,4.2 表达结论常用句型4.2.1 作者结论
34、的表达show(s) / showed suggest(s)/ -ed results confirm(s)/ -edfindings indicate(s)/ -ed(1) The /Our studies demonstrate(s) /-ddata support(s)/ -ed observation accord(s)/-ed with analysis point(s)/ -ed outreveal(s)/ -edprovide(s),This study suggests that IVIG can ameliorate the symptoms and improve the
35、functional capability of RA patients.The results strongly support the hypothesis that plasma kallikrein is present in synovial fluid. Results indicate that growth hormone or its secondary mediators may directly stimulate the cells of the epidermis (2) It is concluded that / In conclusion / We (The a
36、uthorconcluded that / Our conclusion is thatOn the basis of the obtained results, it has been concluded that We thus concluded that (1) Vitamin C significantly alleviates the symptoms of the common cold;,(3) We feel/ think/ believe/ consider that The authors propose/ recommend that It is proposed/ r
37、ecommended that Our /The authors opinion is that / The authors are of the opinion that We suspect that / It is suspected that,4.2.2 其他常用句型 （1）表示关系的句型There was a /an association of A with B. did not demonstrate an association of A with B correlation was found between A and BCorrelation between concen
38、trations in A and B serum was poorThe relationship between A and B has been well established in Histo-pathological studies. No relationship was noted between A and B.Regression analysis showed no relationship between A and B.In contrast, there were highly significant relationships between A and B.,（
39、2）对未来展望的表达It can be expected that should be further explored/ investigatedIt is necessary to make / carry out/ conduct/ deeper study onFurther study is to be doneFollow-up study will be further clarify/ confirm,Conclusion Two Vital Principles: (1) Take the time to polish the abstract !(2) Keep the a
40、bstract short! less than 250 words dont shorten abstract by excluding key informationstating briefly ：study design, primary findings, clinical relevance identifying appropriate key words among the MeSH(medical subject headings) terms,Chinese-English translation:,1.目的：探讨腺病毒介导血管内皮细胞生长因子基因转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（rat mesenchymal stem cell，MSCs)后目的基因表达情况及对MSCs 增殖分化的影响。 2.方法及实验材料：雄性Wistar 大鼠20只随机分为对照组和糖尿病组。用链脲霉素按50mg/kg剂量尾静脉一次性注射制备糖尿病模型。3个月后，采用多普勒灌注显像仪观察糖尿病视神经血流量变化。,3.结论：血透病人（patiebts with CRF)单核细胞AGE受体表达上调，这可能是血透病人循环中促炎症细胞因子水平升高原因之一。 4.长期使用非洛地平能有效防治MCT所致肺动脉高压，其作用可能与CA2+拮抗作用及CGRP降解减少有关。,
