1、comtemporary,capitalism by 顾艳捷 戴众杰罗京 宋航波朱迪思 袁彦,review,There are many successful and typical patterns of contemporary capitalist : the American model, German model and the Japanese model,East Asian model, Latin American model and the African model. After the end of the Cold War, the contemporary capi
2、talist competition between different models quickly become prominent.They can be classified into three typital models: Rhine model , Anglo-Saxon model and Japanese model,We analysis three typital models,Development and basic characteristics Common features Main differences Competition and contradict
3、ions Conclusions,the “Anglo-Saxon model”,Britain, the United States are typical representatives of the “Anglo-Saxon model”based on the classical ”laissez faire” (自由放任) economic theory ,which believes that free market economy can achieve balance automatically without government intervention. Therefor
4、e, the models are also called “market-oriented capitalism” or “free capitalism” . Since formed in the 18th century in England ,“Anglo-Saxon” model has gone through three major stages of development:. 30 years before the 20th century is the first-order section, which is characterized by relying solel
5、y on market mechanism of free competition; The “new Roosevelt Governance “(1933) and Keynes“ General Theory of Employment Interest and Money “(就业利息和货币通论 ,1936)published as a symbol ,marked the second phase of the model, that is planned, regulated Stage of development of market economy;At the end of,
6、the early 1980s, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and U.S. President Ronald Reagan co-launched a new conservative revolution that the “countrys most Small revolution”.the model entered the third stage, marked by the “New American model “of the rise and rapid expansion. But no matter how it d
7、eveloped, the basic framework maintain the same characteristics:1. Resource allocation and economic activity depends mainly on market automatic adjustment mechanism; 2. Emphasize individualism, freedom-oriented innovation;3. Stock and securities markets keep a greater impact on the economy, the inte
8、rests of the shareholders supreme everything.,the “Rhine model“,Typical represented by Germany , the “Rhine model“ mainly run in continental Europe,across all countries in the Rhine Valley, from Austria to the Netherlands, including 13 belongings to the Euro zone. The model comprises economic libera
9、lism, democratic socialism and other economic and social theories, emphasizing the establishment of a market-based order, and the need of strong national to maintain competition order. “Rhineland model“ has also gone through three stages: from formation after World War II to the mid 1960s is the fir
10、st stage, the main feature is free defined trend dominated,in the policy; From mid 1960s to the early 1980s is the second stage, characterized by a combination of Lord Cairns;After 1980s by the wave of economic liberalism Surges, “Rhine model“ introduced “more market, less state “economic policies,
11、and entered a new phase reducing Intervention and regulation .But no matter how it developed, the basic framework maintain the same characteristics:1. Adhere to the principle of free competition, limited regulation and implementation of national Intervention; only by means of national power can esta
12、blish “perfect competition“ 2. Focus on security and safeguarding social justice and equality;3. The banks earn a high degree of independence and authority, and have a very close relationship with the enterprise,Japanese model,Eastern culture, especially Confucian culture plays an important role in
13、the development of the Japanese model,giving the Japanese model the following characteristics: 1、 National and parent centered, which is the base of“government-oriented“ market and the “government-industry complex“2、 Consciousness of authoritarian and the level .it is why“on Merits“(年功序列制) has been
14、widely approved by the Japanese society.3、 Tradition group of national culture and community have an important effect on “lifetime employment“ and “cross-shareholdings System“,“Japanese model“ has also gone through three stages: From the end of World War II to the mid-20th century istransition from
15、a controlled economy to the government-led market economy;From the mid-20th century to the early 90s is its rapid development period, many features of the Japanese model was formed at this stage,contributed to the birth of the “Japanese miracle”; From 1990s in the constant condemnation and calls for
16、 reform, the model began along the “ease regulations“ and the idea of limited government-led economic,We mainly analysis three typital models,Development and basic characteristics Common features Main differences Competition and contradictions Conclusions,There are some common features in between: p
17、rivate ownership of production, economic profit is the guiding force in the production and investment decisions of resource allocation relies mainly on market and price .Specifically, in the following three aspects: (A)They all belong to a market economy based on private ownershipPrivate economy dom
18、inate the national economy, and monopoly capital(垄断资本主义） dominate the private economy.United States Constitution explicitly provides for private property the principle of inviolability. High concentration of private capital make private stock holding widespread,that even in public enterprises, the g
19、overnments share decreased.(B) They all belong to the modern market economyThe market is always subjected to, interfere with regulation and restrictions in varying degrees .Some are from the cooperation of enterprises or monopolies, some are from the government agencies and various groups. The moder
20、n market economy integrated many new factors that have a combination of market regulation and government intervention, a coordination of monopoly and appropriate competition, a unity of the domestic market and international market,(C) the phenomenon of labor conflicts and confrontationthe developed
21、capitalist countries constantly adjust the policy in the years of confrontation and struggle , and have explored a more perfect adjustment of labor relations system(collective agreements, collective bargaining, tripartite consultation),which gradually ease the fierce confrontation.However, labour co
22、nflicts hasnt been fundamentally eliminated. the employers concerned about the maximum profit, the workers are concerned about the increase in wages .,We mainly analysis three typital models,Development and basic characteristics Common features Main differences Competition and contradictions Conclus
23、ions,Three developed capitalist models differs in economic theory, social and historical background, economic operation mechanism and management form of business organization and finance, banking, social security and other specific economic system Japanese model: oriented by the government,pays atte
24、ntion to government authority and government programs guidance Rhine model : it is irrespective of the market principle of free competition, but focus on the economy from the perspective of social policy Anglo-Saxon model :the most intense color of liberalism, of “laissez faire“ economic theory , re
25、specting Individualism and free innovation,To sum up, the main differences between them can be listed as follows: A) the extent and means of state regulation and intervention are different in Anglo Saxon model, the government intervention has a lower, smaller range. State regulation and intervention
26、 is mainly based on indirect hand ( fiscal and monetary policy )to complete. It is passively limited to short-term cases or the things that the private cant do. Rhine model seek for the intervention in the social free Market economy to create an equal and free competition order for Individuals and b
27、usinesses.,In Japanese model,with the main planning, industrial policy, regulation and administrative guidance and other means intervening in enterprises,business and industrial activities, it formed an “official public coordinated system”(官民协调机制） that different from the United States and Europe(B)
28、organizational structures, business and management systems are differentRelative to the “Anglo-Saxon model”, the “Rhine model” and “Japanese model” are paying more attention to workers involved in business management, and take a series of effective measures(Joint decision-making system of labor、Syst
29、em of collective agreement).Germany provides a variety of legal forms of business organizations (including individual, partnership, joint-stock cooperative enterprises, and so on), to achieve the diversification of property rights,Japan has several large enterprise groups as vertex, a group of SMEs
30、based “vertical” structure of corporate groups, each group assembled a group of enterprises. Finance, mutual holding（相互控股） and the production contact are the channels.They wants the economies of scale(规模经济效应). （C）different focus on fairness and efficiencyThe Anglo-saxson model focus on the fairness
31、of process and chance,it views the unfairness of result as the motivation of the self-struggle.The Rhine model emphasizes the fairness of result , using various social security measures (including social insurance, social care, social assistance, etc.) to support the weak and the poor .,Japanese mod
32、el emphasizes giving priority to efficiency, but also attaches great importance to the national unity and social justice, to ensure the safety of the economic system and social order and stability. In terms of the external fairness it is better than the American model.,We mainly analysis three typit
33、al models,Development and basic characteristics Common features Main differences Competition and contradictions Conclusions,This embody in the developed capitalist countriess competition for world and regional economic and political dominance, that is, “West conflict“Europe, Japan are facing the thr
34、eat from the socialist camp.To seek the protection of U.S. military strength, they often had to make concessions to U.S. economic interests, so that these contradictions and conflicts have been effectively controlled. To increase the output of goods, the United States forced the German mark and the
35、yen to rise value, resulting collapse of capital markets and financial crises in 1990s.,We mainly analysis three typital models,Development and basic characteristics Common features Main differences Competition and contradictions Conclusions,Through the the analysis and investigation comparison of “
36、Anglo-Saxon model“, “Rhine model“ and “Japanese model “, we can draw the following basicconclusion:(A) the capitalist basic systems has some similarities, such as private ownership of production ,a certain degree of labor conflicts and confrontation and so on. The similarities are basic features of
37、capitalism, which is the fundamental reason that we call it capitalism.(B) As the different basis of economic theory, political, cultural traditions and social and historical background, the model of capitalism has its own distinct characteristics, even though they belong to the same capitalist mode
38、l.Due to national strategies and policies and other factors, there are also some differences in the development of specific content model, so that capitalist development has shown diversity.,(C) none of the capitalist model is perfect and unchangeable.Japan was once advertised, attracted worldwide a
39、ttention, so it is followed by East Asia, and even praised by the West as “Japanese model“,.but with the overall economic recession ,Japan became the target of condemnation and reform.Although with the advantages of efficiency and equity in the “Rhine model“,those countries are also difficult to ext
40、ricate themselves in the process of globalization .“Anglo-Saxon model“ has been continuously expanding, and shows great advantages, there are also many serious drawbacks and caused a lot of social problems.,(D) it is in comparision that different models exist and develop. The coordination and cooper
41、ation of common features make capitalism world system appear to be uniform and consistent. However, between them there are main differences and contradictions in competition, in fact, capitalist group isnt single and pure, the “capitalism against capitalism” phenomenon deeply reflects the conflict in interests of the capitalist countries, and from one aspect this indicates the continuous development of basic contradictions in contemporary capitalism,Thank you!,
