1、Iron Ore Deposits 铁矿,Noel C. White Asia Now Resources Corporation, Toronto, Canada China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China CODES, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia,Why does everyone want iron ore? 为什么每个人都想要铁矿石？,In the past people said “Steel is finished, we want aluminium and magnesi
2、um.” 在过去有人説“钢铁的时代结束了，我们需要铝和镁合金。 What changed? 发生了什么改变？ Rapid growth in demand for heavy construction steel is strong大型建筑导致需求量的迅速增长钢铁足够坚固 Major increase in energy costs steel needs less energy在能源方面的花费大幅增加-冶炼钢铁需要较少的能源,More demand for steel = More demand for iron ore 需要更多的钢铁 = 需要更多的铁矿石,Big demand can o
3、nly be satisfied by big supply大量的需求只能通过大量的供应来满足 Big consumers need消费大户需要： Reliable supply可靠的供给 Consistent high quality持续的高质量 Predictable price可预言的价格 They cannot get those from 1000s of little mines这种要求不能靠数以千计的小矿山来满足 Only BIG mines working BIG deposits can deliver只有开采巨型矿床的大型矿山才能满足,Iron Ore Production
4、 and Demand 铁矿石的生产量和需求量,Year 2006: Source USGS,2005: China imported 275 million tonnes of iron ore (52.5% of its needs) 2005：中国进口275百万吨的铁矿石（占需要量的52.5%） 2010: China will import 540 million tonnes (62.9% of its needs) 2010：中国将进口540百万吨，（占需求量的62.9%),Dalstra and Flis, 2008,The Worlds Big Iron Ore Deposit
5、s 世界上的大型铁矿床,Major iron ore deposits occur as several distinct deposit types: 主要的铁矿床以下列几种矿床类型出现： Enriched banded iron formation (BIF) 已富集的条带状铁建造（BIF） Channel iron ore 河道型铁矿 Magnetite skarn 矽卡岩磁铁矿 Lateritic iron ore 红土型铁矿 plus many other smaller ones 加上许多其他的小矿床,I will talk about the first two 我会首先讨论前两
6、类,What is Banded Iron Formation? 什么是条带状铁建造？,BIF is a sedimentary rock consisting of alternating layers of iron minerals (oxides, silicates, sulfides and carbonate), quartz and carbonateBIF是沉积岩，由互层的含铁矿物（氧化物，硅酸盐，硫化物和碳酸盐），石英和碳酸盐组成Common names for BIF include taconite (in North America), jaspilite (in A
7、ustralia) and itabirite (in Brazil)BIF的通常名称包括铁燧岩（北美），碧玉铁质岩（澳大利亚）和铁英岩（巴西）BIF ages range from early Archean to Devonian, but it is most abundant in late Archean and early Proterozoic sequencesBIF的年龄范围从早太古代到泥盆纪，但是在从晚太古代到早元古代的层序中最多,Age and Frequency of BIF BIF年龄和成矿频率,Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008,Wilgena Hil
8、l Jaspilite Middleback Ranges South Australia 南澳Middleback 山脉Wilgena Hill 碧玉铁质岩,Brockman Iron Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia 西澳Pilbara的Brockman铁建造,BIF Outcrop Near Newman Western Australia西澳Newman附近的BIF露头,Archean BIF, Yalgoo Greenstone Belt, Western Australia 3.2 By old 太古代BIF， Yalgoo绿岩带，西澳，亿
9、年,What is Banded Iron Formation? 什么是条带状铁建造？,Its thickness ranges from of 1 m. to several hundred metres它的厚度变化范围从米到数百米Its lateral extent varies from 1 km. to many hundreds of kilometres它在横向上的延伸范围从公里到数百公里Its mineralogy is dominated by magnetite, hematite, siderite, iron silicates (e.g., stilpnomelane,
10、 riebeckite), quartz and dolomite它的组成矿物主要有磁铁矿，赤铁矿，菱铁矿，铁硅酸盐（例如，黑硬绿泥石，钠闪石），石英和白云石,Geology of the Hamersley Basin Western Australia西澳Hamersley盆地的地质图,Note the lateral extent of the banded iron formations in brown 图上的褐色显示条带状铁建造的横向延伸范围,BIF formed as a chemical precipitate from iron-rich seawater the iron
11、is probably of hydrothermal origin, dispersed in marine basins before precipitating over large areasBIF以化学沉积物从富铁的海水沉淀。这些铁质可能是热液来源，在沉淀之前已分散在大洋盆地中很大的面积上The major BIFs deposited under very quiet conditions, resulting in fine bedding that can be traced in detail over hundreds of kilometres大型BIF建造沉积于非常平静
12、的环境中，最后导致延展几百公里仍可精细对比的薄层,What is Banded Iron Formation? 什么是条带状铁建造？,Model for the origin of facies of iron formation in Archean greenstone belts. The different iron minerals are believed to result from different water depths and consequently different availability of oxygen. 太古宙绿岩带铁建造相的成因模型，不同的铁矿物被认为
13、是从不同深度的水体因此含氧程度不同的水体中沉淀的,Model for the origin of facies of iron formation in cratonic basins. The stratified ocean system has low organic matter production in the open marine environment but high on the carbonate shelf. Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008. 在克拉通盆地中铁建造不同相的成因模型。分层的海洋系统在开阔的海洋环境生产很少的有机物但是在碳酸盐台地却很高。
14、Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008.,BIF and Carbonate Platform BIF和碳酸盐台地 Bedded BIF and dolomite, with rip-up clasts of BIF Near Yandicoogina, Western Australia 西澳Yandicoogina附近层状BIF和白云岩,含来自下面层位的BIF碎屑,When is BIF Iron Ore? 什么时候BIF才能算是铁矿石？,Most BIF is not iron ore大部分的BIF不是铁矿石It may be iron ore when its Fe cont
15、ent 25% (as magnetite) with low P and S当铁含量25（磁铁矿）、低P和S时，才是铁矿石Oxide facies BIF is dominated by magnetite so it can be mapped using magnetic surveys氧化物相的BIF以磁铁矿为主，所以可以用磁法测量来填图The very big iron ore deposits occur in the BIF stratigraphy, but are not magnetic非常大的铁矿床出现在BIF地层中，但不是磁性的,The MAJOR BIF-hosted
16、 iron ore deposits BIF赋存的大型铁矿床Are local major accumulations of hematite and goethite是赤铁矿和针铁矿在小范围内的大量聚积物 They occur in the BIF stratigraphy 它们出现在BIF地层中 They are structurally controlled受构造控制 They result from hypogene and supergene processes overprinted onto the BIF由深成和浅生作用叠加在BIF上形成 The causes for enri
17、chment can be different in different deposits, but the products are similar in all deposits富集的原因根据不同的矿床而不同，但是产物在所有矿床中都是类似的,Mt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿,Photos by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985, From Data Metallogenica,Mt Tom Price Iron
18、 Ore, Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿 SE Prong: H1C hard conchoidal ore Photo by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985, From Data Metallogenica,Mt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿 Panoramic view south over Tom Price o
19、perations Tom Price采场面向南方的全景照 Photo by Peter Laznicka, July 2001 From Data Metallogenica,Mt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿 Aerial view east along axis of South East Prong 航片；沿South East Prong轴向东看Photo by Kerry OSullivan September 1985 From D
20、ata MetallogenicaKerry OSullivan拍摄于年月，来自Data Metallogenica,Mount Newman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia, 1998 西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman铁矿,1998,Mount Newman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman铁矿 Geological map. Note the size and complexity
21、 of the orebody. 地质图，注意矿体的大小和复杂程度,Mount Newman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman铁矿 Geological cross-section. Note complexity of the orebody and relation to structures. 地质剖面，注意矿体的复杂程度及其与构造的关系,Genetic model for major BIF-hosted iron ores of the world 世界上主要BI
22、F赋存型铁矿的成因模式,http:/www.ga.gov.au/about/corporate/ga_authors/ajagg_17_4/RC_Morris_ajagg174.jsp,BIF horizons the thicker the better BIF层越厚越好 Synforms and structures in BIF BIF中的向形和构造 Post-BIF unconformities and weathered surfacesBIF形成后的不整合面和风化表面 Burial metamorphism produces premium ore埋藏变质生产出高质量的矿石,Exp
23、loration What to look for 勘探寻找什么样的标志,Generalised section at Mt Tom Price showing metamorphosed ore deposits (mplH) in the Brockman Iron Formation and non-metamorphosed deposits in the Brockman and Marra Mamba Iron Formations Mt Tom Price矿的简化剖面。显示在Brockman 含铁建造中的变质矿床，以及Brockman和Marra Mamba含铁建造中的未变质矿床
24、,Channel Iron Ore Deposits 河道型铁矿床,Occur in iron-rich districts with BIF and/or laterite与BIF及红土型铁矿一起出现在富铁区Can occur in same districts as enriched BIF-hosted deposits可以与富集后的BIF矿床出现在同一区域Originally filled mature valleys in low-relief paleotopography最初淤积在低高差古地形的成熟山谷中Now may be in the bottoms of valleys,
25、or may form mesas resulting from topographic inversion due to erosion现在有可能在山谷的底部，或者出现在由于剥蚀导致的地形倒置形成的台地上,Can be major deposits with reserves of billions of tonnes 50% Fe, low P and S此型矿床可能是大型，有数十亿吨的铁矿石，品位50% ，低P 和 SConsist dominantly of secondary hematite and limonite coating and replacing detrital f
26、ragments (including fossil wood) 主要由被覆和替代岩屑碎片（包括木化石）的次生赤铁矿和褐铁矿组成,Channel Iron Ore Deposits 河道型铁矿床,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Y
27、andi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，,The following papers come from this important new publication: 下面的文献出自这个重要的出版物： Hagemann, S., Rosire, C.A., Gutzmer, J., and Beukes, N.J. (Editors), 2008: Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol
28、. 16, Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton Beukes, N.J., and Gutzmer, J., 2008, Origin and paleoenvironmental significance of major iron formations at the Archean-Paleoproterozoic boundary, p. 5-48. De Kock, M.O., Evans, D.A.D., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J. and Dorland, H.C., 2008, Origin and timi
29、ng of banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hard hematite deposits a paleomagnetic approach, p. 49-72. Dalstra, H.J., Rosire, C.A., 2008, Structural controls on high-grade iron ores hosted by banded iron formation: a global perspective, p. 73-106. Lobato, L.M., Figueiredo e Silva, R.C., Hagemann,
30、S, Thorne, W., and Zucchetti, M, 2008, Hypogene alteration associated with high-grade banded iron formation-related ore, p. 107-128. Ramanaidou, E., Wells, M., Belton, D., Verral, M., and Ryan, C., 2008, Mineralogical and microchemical methods for the characterisation of high-grade bended iron forma
31、tion-derived iron ore, p. 129-156. Gutzmer, J., Chisonga, B.C., Beukes, N.J., Mukhopadhyay, J., 2008, The geochemistry of banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hematite-martite ores, p. 157-184. McLellan, J.G., and Oliver, N.H.S., 2008, Application of numerical modeling to extension, heat and flui
32、d flow in the genesis of giant banded iron formation-hosted hematite ore deposits, p. 185-196. Thorne, W., Hagemann, S., Webb, A., and Clout, J., 2008, Banded iron formation-related iron ore deposits of the Hamersley province, Western Australia, p. 197-222. Rosire, C.A., Spier, C.A., Rios, F.J., and
33、 Suckau, V.E., 2008, The itabirites of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero and related high-grade iron ore deposits: an overview, p. 223-254. Figueiredo e Silva, R.C., Lobato, L.M., Rosire, C.A., Hagemann, S., Zucchetti, M., Baars, F.J., Morais, R., and Andrade, I., 2008, A hydrothermal origin for the jaspil
34、ite-hosted, giant Serra Norte iron ore deposits in the Carajs Mineral Province, Par State, Brazil, p. 255-290. Mukhopadhyay, J., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., and Bhattacharya, H.N., 2008, Geology and genesis of the major banded iron formation-hosted high-grade iron ore deposits of India, p. 291-316. A
35、lchin, D., Lickfold, V., Mienie, P.J., Nel, D., and Strydom, M., 2008, An integrated exploration approach to the Sishen South iron ore deposits, northern Cape Province, South Africa, and its implications for developing a structural and/or resourcemodle for these deposts, p. 317-338. Cope, I.L., Wilk
36、inson, J.J., Boyce, A.J., Chapman, J.B., Herrington, R.J., and Harris, C.J., 2008, Genesis of the Pic de Fon iron ore deposit, Simadou Range, Republic of Guinea, West Africa, p. 339-260. Brown, P.E., 2008, A brief history of high-grade iron ore mining in North America (1848-2008), p. 361-380. Flis,
37、M., 2008, Advances in geophysics applied to the search for banded iron formation-related, high-grade hematite iron ore, p. 381-392. Dalstra, H., and Flis, M., 2008, High-grade iron ore exploration in an increasingly steel-hungry world: the past, current, and future role of exploration models and technological advances, p. 393-410.,
