1、被动语态和否定句的翻译,一、被动语态的翻译：英语中被动语态使用得很广泛，在科技英语中使用得更多，而汉语中被动语态的使用要窄得多。因此，英语被动语态应尽量译成汉语主动语态。,例1 Metals are widely used in industry.,金属广泛地应用在工业上。,例2All bodies are known to possess mass.,大家都知道所有物体都有质量。,例3It is generally recognized that light has a vast capacity for transmitting information. 一般认为，光传播信息的容量极大。例
2、4The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. 采用发电机可以把机械能再转换回去成为电能。,例5The raw material is introduced at the higher end and moves steadily down the kiln to the burning zone. 原料从窑的较高端进入并稳定地向下运动，到达燃烧区。当英语被动句强调主语时，翻译时用原文的主语作译文的主语构成汉语被动句，以体现这种强调。 例6The direction of a f
3、orce can be indicated by an arrow. 力的方向可用箭头表示。,例7 Heavy metal pollution, including lead, zinc, copper may be caused by corrosion of the very pipes that carry water from its source to the consumer. 重金属污染，包括铅、锌和铜的污染可能正是 由于把水从水源输送到用户的管道本身的腐蚀 引起的。科技英语中，有很多以“it” 作形式主语，以被动语态 作谓语的习惯用法，其中有些着重于强调状态和性质。,常见的句型
4、翻译如下：It is assumed that 假设，假定 It is expected that 预期，人们期望 It is found that 人们发现 It is hypothesized that 假设 It is known that 众所周知 It is proposed that 一般认为，有人提出 It is suggested that 有人建议 It is supposed that 据推测,二、否定句型,英语中表示否定概念的形式有多种，其中部分否定和否定转移与汉语的表达差别甚大，容易引起误解，应该特别注意。 部分否定英语中all, both, each, every,
5、many, much, always, Often等词与not搭配表示部分否定。 例8All metals are not good conductors.金属并非都是良导体。,例9 Every machine here is not produced in our factory.,这里的机器并不全是我厂制造的。,2. 否定转移否定转移指的是否定对象的转移，不是否定紧跟其后的动词，而是否定后面的从句或从句中的谓语。例10 I do not believe that percentage humidity and Relative humidity are the same.,我相信湿度百分率
6、和相对湿度不是一回事。,3. 意义否定:英语中有些词或词组本身具有否定的意义, 含有这些词的句子形式上是肯定句,但意义上是否定句。,常见的具有否定意义的词汇和词组有：deny, fail, lack, miss, free from, hardly, seldom, in vain, tooto, until, without等。,例11Flame-hardening is used on small lots because of its adaptability and freedom from special tooling and setup. 由于适应性好以及不需要专用工具和装备，火
7、焰硬化工艺用于小批量产品。,例12This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一点也不复杂。,4. 双重否定两个否定意义的词出现在同一个句子中形成双重否定。双重否定表达的意思是肯定的，翻译成汉语时可译成双重否定形式，也可译成肯定形式。常见构成双重否定的搭配有：cant-without, never-without, no-unless, no-but, not(none)-the less, not-until等。,例13 There is no grammatical rule that has no exceptions.,没有一条语法规
8、则没有例外。,例14 The fractures were not discovered until the machine parts were sectioned while searching for the cause of service failures.,直到为寻找失效原因而把这些机器零件剖开时才发现了这些裂纹。,长句的翻译,科技英语在表达复杂概念时，为了说理清楚，思路连贯和逻辑严密，常用多重复合句，句子长，结构复杂。翻译这种句子时，先要弄清楚原文的语法结构和逻辑关系。然后按汉语的表达习惯，用短句分层次逐步译出。,翻译英语长句通常采用的方法有顺序译法，逆序译法和分译法，而且有时往
9、往需要同时使用几种方法。,1. 顺序译法对专业英语翻译而言,只要不大违反汉语的行文习惯和表达方式,一般应尽量采用顺序译法。,例1 In some mechanical systems there may be internal forces which are proportional to the velocity with which their points of application move and which oppose the motion as in viscous dampers; such forces dissipate energy as heat.,在某些机械系统
10、中可能存在着一些内力，这些内力的大小和它们作用点的速度成比例，并且这些内力像粘性阻尼一样阻碍运动，把能量耗散为热。 2. 逆序译法当英语句子的表达层次和逻辑顺序和汉语相反时，需要按汉语的习惯表达方式将英语句子全部或局部逆序译出。,例2 The simplification of assuming the fluid to be inviscid may not be made when analysis of heat convection are undertaken, because the process of convection of heat away from the wall
11、is intimately concerned with thermal conduction and energy transport due to motion in the fluid layers in the immediate vicinity of the wall.,因为从壁面带走热量的对流过程与热传导和壁面邻近区域内由流体层运动所产生的能量传递密切相关，所以在进行热对流分析时，不能简单地假设流体为无粘性的。 3. 分译法英语句子中,有些句子成分与其它部分关系松弛,具有意义上的独立性,需要分出来译成分句.,例3This book is a practical guide aim
12、ed at those thousands of practicing engineers who may have a general understanding of the concept of reliability, but who lack, or have forgotten, the precise understanding of the language of Reliability Engineering to be able to confidently make effective practical use of the technique involved.,本书的目的是为众多的实际工作的工程师提供关于可靠性的实用性指导，他们可能对可靠性的概念有一般性的了解，但是他们或是对可靠性工程术语缺乏确切的理解，或是忘记了，因而对在实际中有效地使用相关技术信心不足。,
