1、Unit 7 Animal Behavior,Learning objectives,learn about animal behavior and communication between animals; words, expressions, and sentence patterns related to the theme of this unit; use these words, expressions, and sentence patterns correctly; research animal behavior; give an oral presentation to
2、 the class about animal behavior; learn to use nominalization in your writing.,Part I Approaching the Topic,Part II Understanding the Text,Part IV Integrated Exercises,Part I Approaching the Topic,Task 1 Brainstorming,Task 2 Surfing and Reporting,Task 3 Watching and Retelling,Task 4 Vocabulary Previ
3、ew,1. Discuss the pictures above with your partner and make a list of no less than 10 words to discuss animal behavior.2. What are the differences between animal communication and human language? Can animals learn to express themselves using human language?3. How close are animals to human beings in
4、 terms of intelligence?,Task 1 Brainstorming,Unit 7 Part I Task 1,1. Work in groups and find information on the Internet about the following terms.,Task 2 Surfing and Reporting,Unit 7 Part I Task 2,Unit 7 Part I Task 2,Web resources http:/www.primate.org/ http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page http:/
5、 http:/www.friendsofwashoe.org/,Answers for reference:,Unit 7 Part I Task 2,2. Make a list of ten non-human animals that are generally considered most intelligent. Get the necessary information by surfing the Internet. Present your research to the class, optionally using PowerPoint.,Unit 7 Part I Ta
6、sk 2,Unit 7 Part I Task 2,1. They can make and use tools; 2. They can learn sign language.,Washoe and Viki were taught to understand human speech.,Chimpan- zees,Dolphins,Elephants,1. They have a sophisticated language; 2. They can learn an array of behavioral commands by human trainers.,A local dolp
7、hin named Moko saved two beached Pygmy Sperm Whales in New Zealand.,1. They can follow human commands; 2. They are very caring and empathetic to other members of their group.,A female Asian elephant named Happy recognized herself in the mirror.,Unit 7 Part I Task 2,1. They can navigate through the m
8、aze; 2. They have an extremely impressive shortterm memory.,An octopus turned a valve in the tank and flooded the Santa Monica Pier Aquarium.,Octopuses,Crows,Squirrels,1. They play tricks on one another; 2. They fashion tools to snare food from hard-to-reach places.,A crow named Betty used a straigh
9、t wire she bent into a hook to retrieve food from a tube.,1. They put on elaborate shows of deceptive caching to thwart thieves; 2. They cover their fur in the scent of rattlesnakes to mask their own scent.,A squirrel named Twiggy was trained to water-ski around a heated pool.,Unit 7 Part I Task 2,1
10、. They can find food in response to non-verbal cues; 2. They can learn such tricks as sitting, lying down and fetching, etc.,A recent study concluded that dogs can feel complex emotions, like jealousy.,Dogs,Cats,Pigs,1. They can open doors and windows; 2. They can retrieve items from hard to reach p
11、laces.,The Yuri Kuklachev Cat Theatre has been training cats to do a full range of circus style tricks.,1. Pigs lead complex social lives comparable to those of primates; 2. Mother pigs sing to their piglets while they are nursing.,In an experiment in 1990s the pigs were trained to move the cursor o
12、n a video screen with their snouts.,Unit 7 Part I Task 2,1. Rats are incredible at solving mazes; 2. They dream in very much the same way as humans do.,A rat released on a deserted island evaded traps, baits and sniffer dogs before being captured four months later,Rats,Task 3 Watching and Retelling,
13、Watch the video clip “In the Shadow of the Moon”. Use the glossary below as a reference. (Page 163),Unit 7 Part I Task 3,Answer the questions in the following table according to what you heard in the video clip.,Unit 7 Part I Task 3,They live underground on the North American prairies.,It stretches
14、over miles, with the excavated burrows pockmarking the prairie landscape.,Where do prairie dogs live?,What is a typical prairie dog community like?,Unit 7 Part I Task 3,They make such alarming sounds as barks, squeaks and chirps, and they kiss to identify each other.,It is the most complex natural l
15、anguage ever decoded so far, consisting of a lot of elements.,How do prairie dogs communicate with each other?,What is the language of prairie dogs like, according to Professor Con Slobodchikoff?,【Script】,Unit 7 Part I Task 3,Watch the video again and then discuss the main idea with the group.,Scrip
16、t,Unit 7 Part I Task 3,Task 4 Vocabulary Preview,Read the words and phrases below, paying attention to the pronunciation. Put a check mark () next to the words that you know. Try to understand unfamiliar words from context.,Glossary for Main Reading,Unit 1 Part I Task 4,Nouns,Verbs,Adjectives,Phrase
17、s,Adverbs,Unit 1 Part I Task 4,Nouns,Glossary for Related Reading,Verbs,Adjectives,Adverbs,Phrases,Part II Understanding the Text,Main Reading,Related Reading,Part II Understanding the Text,Main Reading,Text-Related Information,Text Analysis,Language Points,Translation of the Texts,Tasks,Several que
18、stions,1. Who makes the decision when there will be a party? Whats tis decision named? How to make the decision as about the division of roles different people play at the party? Whats the purpose of jury system? Do you know anything about “Jury Theorem”?,Jury system,Make more people who have the ri
19、ght to know judge right and wrong To establish a system to reduce the probability of the innocence being wrong convicted,Jury Theorem,The relative probability of a given group of individuals arriving at a correct decision Assume that people answer the same question , this question has two possible a
20、nswers , a wrong one and a right one. Assume that the probability of the correct decision made by each voter is more than 50% , the jury theorem believes that the group correct rate will reach to more than 51%; and with the expansion of the group, the groups correct rate will be close to 100%. That
21、is, the larger the population size , the greater the possibility.,Jury Theorem,很多人用“常理推断”认为，如果将判定一个人有罪的界限提高，那么错判的可能性就会越来越小。比如，如果陪审团有5名成员。如果考虑两个判定有罪的界限：(A)3票有罪通过 这个又叫 simple majority (B) 全票有罪才通过 (这个叫uninanimity rule)。 很多人用常理想一想，肯定认为第一，相比A，采用全票有罪通过的话，一个无罪的人被错判的几率肯定更小。第二，如果陪审员越多，那么无罪错判的几率会越小。 早在18世纪，孔多
22、塞就已经提出了陪审团定理。最简单的来说，如果每个陪审员都得到一条关于嫌疑犯是否有罪的信息。这里假设每个人的信息别人都看不到 (Private Information)，而且陪审员甲得到什么信息，不影响陪审员乙获得的信息 (statistical indenpendence)。只要满足下面这个条件： 信息的正确率高于50% 那么陪审员越多，则错判的几率越小。,Jury Theorem,假设大家一开始都认为嫌犯有罪的可能性是50%，如果要判其有罪，需要陪审员全票通过。然后，通过法庭辩论，研究事实，每个陪审员都能获得一条关于嫌犯是否有罪的信息。如果嫌疑犯本身有罪，那么每个陪审员的信息都有90%的几率
23、是“有罪”，10%的几率是“无罪”。 如果嫌疑犯本身无罪，则倒过来，90%的几率每个陪审员获得的是“无罪”的信息，10%的几率是“有罪”。 假设这个嫌犯是无罪的，根据孔多塞的定理，陪审员越多，错判的可能越小。 比如说3个陪审员，那么在嫌犯无罪的前提下，三个人都获得“有罪”信息的可能是 0.1*0.1*0.1=0.1% 。 如果有5个陪审员，5人都获得“有罪”信息的可能是 0.15= 十万分之一。 所以陪审员越多，错判几率越小。,Text-Related Information,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,1. the European Parliament,Unit
24、 7 Part II Main Reading,2. IQ,Text Analysis,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,Language Points,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,consensus: (L10) n. an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts 共识，一致,There exists a broad political consensus in
25、 favor of economic reform.There is a general consensus among teachers about the need for greater security in schools.,e.g.,outperform: (L16) vt. to be or do something to a greater degree 超额完成，过度执行,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,The company has consistently outperformed its larger rivals.Stocks generall
26、y outperform other investments.,e.g.,Among the bees that depart are scouts that search for the new nest site and report back using a waggle dance to advertise suitable locations. (L27),离家的工蜂中有部分是侦查蜂，它们会去寻找新巢穴地址，并用摇摆舞将信息告知 蜂群。,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,【译文】,The researchers concluded that the abilit
27、y of bees to identify quickly the best site depends on the interplay of bees interdependence in communicating the whereabouts of the best site and their independence in confirming this information. (L42),研究者得出的结论是，蜂群快速确定最佳迁移地点的能力取决于它们交流最佳迁址信息时的相互依赖性与确认该信息时的个体独立性之间的相互作用。,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,【
28、译文】,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,She has told them nothing that could shed light on her husbands whereabouts.The police want to know the whereabouts of his brother.,e.g.,whereabouts: n. the place or area where someone or something is 下落，所在之处,integrate: (L77) vt. to become part of a group or society a
29、nd be accepted by them, or to help someone do this 整合，使成整体,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,These programs can be integrated with your existing software.Many children with learning difficulties are integrated into ordinary schools.,e.g.,in the minority: (L78) being or relating to the smaller in number of
30、 two parts,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,Boys are very much in the minority at the dance class.The United States remains in the minority of nations in the world that still uses death as penalty for certain crimes.,e.g.,7. transfer (L84),Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,He has asked for a transfer to the co
31、mpanys Paris branch.After the election there was a swift transfer of power.,e.g., n. the process by which someone or something moves or is moved from one place, job, etc. to another,7. transfer (L84),Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,They are transferring him to a special unit at Great Ormond Street Hospi
32、tal.You can transfer data to a memory stick in a few seconds.,e.g., vt. to move from one place, school, job, etc. to another, or to make someone do this, especially within the same organization,8. reverse (L92),Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,The results were read out in reverse order., a. turned backwa
33、rd in position, direction, or order 反面的，相反的，颠倒的,Although I expected to enjoy living in the country, in fact the reverse is true., n. the opposite of what has just been mentioned, vt. to change a previous decision, law, etc. to the opposite one 逆转，倒退，改变,e.g.,The government has failed to reverse the e
34、conomic decline.,e.g.,e.g.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,entwine (L96) vt. to twist two things together or to wind one thing around another 缠绕,Our views of leadership are entwined with ideas of heroism.She swears to him that their lives are so entwined that separation is death to her.,e.g.,How this mi
35、ght pertain to choices that people might make is, as yet, unclear. (L96),这一点与人类的决策过程的联系我们至今还不甚清楚。,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,【译文】,as yet 作为时间状语，在此句中作为插入语出现，使得原句表述变得更加精确科学。 pertain vi. to relate directly to something 有关,Im afraid that your remark does not pertain to the question.,Translation of the
36、Texts,For Main Reading,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,Task 2 (Page 169),1. Answer questions,2. Write Summary,Information about the researches on animal and human decision-making processes. (review),Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,Task 2 Understanding Main Ideas and Important Details in the Text,Task,1. Ans
37、wer the following questions.1) What kind of choices do social animals make?,Social animals make two sorts of choices: consensus decisions in which the group makes a single collective choice, as when house-hunting rock ants decide where to settle; and combined decisions, such as the allocation of job
38、s among worker bees.,Consensus decisions are described in Condorcets “jury theorem” as follows. If each member of a jury has only partial information, the majority decision is more likely to be correct than a decision arrived at by an individual juror. Moreover, the probability of a correct decision
39、 increases with the size of the jury.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,According to Condorcets theory, how are consensus decisions made?,Before a colony of honeybees migrates, scouts are sent out to search for new nest sites and report back using a waggle dance to advertise suitable locations. The longer
40、 the dance lasts, the better the site is. After a while, other scouts start to visit the sites advertised by their compatriots and, on their return, also perform more waggle dances. The process eventually leads to a consensus on the best site and the swarm migrates.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,Befor
41、e a colony of honeybees migrates, how do the scouts advertise suitable nest sites?,The major factor contributing to bees ability to identify quickly the best site lies in the interplay of bees interdependence in communicating the whereabouts of the best site and their independence in confirming this
42、 information.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,What is the crucial factor in making a robust consensus on new nest sites among bees, according to Dr. List?,The reason that honeybees can prevent such group-thinking that affects good decision-making as investors do in the stock market is that the swarm not
43、 only share the collection of information but also independently confirm it. Conversely, there might be an inbuilt bias among people to copy one another when they come together to consider a problem.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,How do honeybees manage to prevent the kind of group-thinking that affec
44、ts good decision-making, as investors blindly do in the stock market?,The experiment on ant migration shows that the dynamics of collective decision-making are closely entwined with the implementation of these decisions. It indicates that it is important to recruit active leaders to a cause so as to
45、 get others to follow.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,What does the experiment on ant migration demonstrate about collective decision-making?,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,2. Based on your answers to the above questions, write a brief summary of the text.,3. Review the text to find information about the
46、researches on animal and human decision-makingprocesses. List the points in the table below.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,The London School of Economics,Christian List,honeybees,The ability of bees to identify quickly the best site depends on the interplay of bees interdependence in communicating the
47、 whereabouts of the best site and their independence in confirming this information.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,The London School of Economics,Simon Hix,European Parliamen- tarians,The European Parliamentarians voting was along party-political lines even though the incentives to do so were far less
48、 than at national parliaments. However, the problem is that, unlike the honeybees, they do not necessarily progress to investigating the issues for themselves before taking a vote.,Unit 7 Part II Main Reading,The Free University of Brussels,Jos Halloy,cockroaches,Robotic cockroaches can subvert the
49、behav-ior of living cockroaches and control their decision-making process, say, persuading the cockroaches to choose an inappropriate sheltereven one which they had rejected before.,the University of Bristol,Nigel Franks,ants,In case of emergency, ants can still efficiently migrate to new nest sites using the mode of reverse tandem runs, in which the dynamics of collective decision-making are closely entwined with the implementation of these decisions.,
