1、IELTS WRITING,Lesson Eight: 小作文1,Taks I LinePie BarTableDiagram /flow chart/map,IELTS WRITING,把图表中的主要信息转化为文字信息,并且组织成文章。,IELTS WRITING,2.评分标准(1)任务完成情况: 趋势描写,数据支持,不要画蛇添足(2)关联词大量而准确地使用(连贯)(3)词汇(4)句子结构,TASK I,把图表中的主要信息转化为文字信息,并且组织成文章。 HOW? description compare contrast,IELTS WRITING,TASK I,Number of full
2、-time teachers of regular schools (in millions) in China (1960-1990).,TASK I,首段 首句,graph - figure, line graphShow - indicate, unfold, display, reveal, reflect, relate, illustrate, provide an overview of,首段常用句型: 1.The table/chart/diagram/graph shows (that). 2.The figures/statistics show (that). 3.The
3、 diagram shows/ describes/ illustrates how. 4.According to/As (is) shown in the/As can be seen from the table/chart, diagram, graph, figures 5.It can be seen/observed from the/ we can see from the 6.It is clear/ apparent from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures (that).,首段 首句,The above figure indic
4、ates the amount of full- time teachers of regular schools in China between 1960 and 1990.,首段 首句,请写出本图的第一句话: This graph shows the number of full-time teachers of regular schools in China during 3 decades from 1960 to 1990.,首段 首句,首段 二句,Number of full-time teachers of regular schools (in millions) in C
5、hina (1960-1990).,首段 二句,连接词:1. According to the figure,2. It is clear that, It can be (clearly) seen that, 3. Fromit can be (safely) concluded that4. One of the most surprising/interesting finds was5. Compare with,如何表达总体趋势,a). The overall trend/general trend (主语) +indicates +从句b). The overall trend/
6、general trend(主语) + indicates + N.c). There be + an overall +某种趋势,It can be seen that there was an increasing trend from 1960 to 1990. However, there were some fluctuations in earlier years.,首段 二句,首段 二句,It can be seen that there was an increasing trend from 1960 to 1990. However, there were some flu
7、ctuations in earlier years. According to the figure, although there were some fluctuations in earlier years, there exists indeed an increasing trend. The overall trend was to indicate the increasingly growing number, although there exists some fluctuations in the earlier years.,时态:首句一般现在时,其他一般过去时。 *
8、如果图表是对将来情况的预测,全部用一般现在时。,首段 二句,主体段,Number of full-time teachers of regular schools (in millions) in China (1960-1990).,五种描述趋势的句式,a) There be 句型: “变化名词” 作主语 + IN + 被描述对象 e.g. There was an increase/decrease in the number of b) “描述对象” 做主语 e.g. There were increasingly more teachers. c) 纵坐标作主语(一般为被描述对象) +
9、 变化+其他 e.g. The number (percentage) of went up (went down) d) 横坐标作主语(一般为时间) + “经历” + “变化”+ IN 被描述对象 + 地点 *表示经历: saw/ witnessed/experiencede) 地点作主语 + “经历” + “变化”+ IN 被描述对象 + 时间,连接手段,Then/ from this time onwards/ from then onThere was a rise. Then the number went down.2. After/ beforeThere was a rise,
10、 before the number went down. After a rise, there was a decrease, before the number remained stable.3. which was followed by/which led to/which preceded an increase/decrease There was a rise, which was followed by a decrease.,4. 上一句最后时间词,when. There was a rise in the number of teachers from_in_to_in
11、_,when the number went down.5. Again(第二次以后的上升/下降) There was a rise. Again, the number went down.6. However.then.(上升和下降之间) There was a rise. However, the number then went down. 其他关联词:类比、对比、句子衔接 However/ compare to/ in contrast/ / similarly/ conversely/ / while Similarly/likewise As to/ in term of / a
12、s for,连接手段,数据的表达方式,From 数据 in 年份 to 数据 in 年份Peak at 数据 bottom at 数据There were 数据Decrease to 数据 / increase up to about 数据趋势 with 数据 Which was about 数据,主体段,分项描写信息: According to the figure, there was a sharp decrease in the number of teachers from five millions in 1960 to three millions in 1962, which
13、was followed by a rapid increase over the next two years. The number dropped again from almost six millions in 1964 to five million in 1966 and then went up gradually until 1976 when there was a leveling off at eight millions for the next ten years. The years from 1986 to 1990 saw a steady rise in t
14、he number of teachers.,末段,1. 重述总体特征; In conclusion, more teachers were in Chinese regular schools in the 1990s than 30 years before. bar chart/ table,不要进行主观描述不要分析原因不要找本质,末段,Complete Example,This graph shows the number of full-time teachers of regular schools in China between 1960 and 1990. It can be
15、 seen that there was an increasing trend from 1960 to 1990. However, there were some fluctuations in earlier years. According to the figure, there was a sharp decrease in the number of teachers from five million in 1960 to three million in 1962, which was followed by a rapid increase over the next t
16、wo years. The number dropped again from almost six million in 1964 to five million in 1966 and then went up gradually until 1976 when there was a leveling off at eight million for the next ten years. The years from 1986 to 1990 saw a steady rise in the number of teachers. In conclusion, more teacher
17、s were in Chinese regular schools in the 1990s than 30 years before.,说明趋势: trend, momentum.2. 描述增加、波动、减少和反转: gain, pick up, increase, rise, surge, jump, go up, decrease, fall, drop, decline, slow down; level off at /level out at; maintain, fluctuate, fluctuation,reverse,TASK I,描述变化程度: dramatically,
18、suddenly, significantly, sharply, steeply, rapidly, moderately, gradually, steadily, slightly, slowly, 表示高、底: peak at/of peaking at ; reach the bottom/ botttom out at 5. 表示数据 一般: have 10%; at 10%;over 10% 最高(低)点: peaked; reached a peak/high(point) bottomed out; reached the bottom,TASK I,6. 表示程度: alm
19、ost adv. 几乎,差不多 nearly adv. 几乎,密切地 approximately adv. 近似的,大约 about adv. 附近, 大约,转向,左右,周围 just over 刚超过 over adv. 结束,越过,从头到尾 exactly adv. 正确地,严密地 precisely adv. 正好 精确地;清晰地表示范围: fromto betweenand for to 多长时间直到8. 比例: 20 per cent 20% one in three 1/3 one out of every four 1/4,TASK I,IELTS WRITING,The gra
20、ph below shows radio and television audiences throughout the day in 1992. Radio and television audiences in the UK, October-December 1992.,两条曲线,The graph shows the percentage of audiences over 4 years old of UK follows the radio and television throughout the day during the period October-December 19
21、92.,TASK I,It has been observed from the graph that less than 10% audiences follows the radio at 6:00 am and the percentage raised to a pick around 30% at 8AM and decline gradually to around 10% during the period 200 to 400 Pm and again raised a bit to around 12% between 400 to 600 PM. It then again
22、 dropped to below 10% at around 10PM. The rate again raised to a bit between 1000 PM to 1200 PM and then dropped slowly by 400 AM.,TASK I,On the other hand, the rate of television audiences raises 0-10% during the period 600 to 800 am and remain steady up to 10AM and then gradually goes down by 1200
23、 noon. The percentage raised dramatically to around 15% by 200 noon. The percentage raised dramatically goes down by 1200 noon. The percentage raised dramatically to around 15% by 200 PM which again raised to a pick above 40% between 600-800 PM and then gradually dropped between the period 1200 PM t
24、o 400 AM.,TASK I,The bold graph shows the television audiences throughout the day. It shows that the percentage of audiences is zero percent in early morning but it gradually rises unto ten percent at 8:00 am and maintains the same for the next two hours. There is a slight fall in percentage in next
25、 two hours however after that it rises sharp unto twenty percent within the next two hours. After this the graph rises very fast and attains its peak at 10 pm which is about forty five percent. The graph gradually falls down and at 2:00 am it is at five percent. The thinner graph shows the percentag
26、e for radio audiences. Unlike the television one the peak percentage of the radio audiences is at 8:00 am which is about 30 percent. Then it gradually falls and it corresponds with the television one at two pm. After that it gradually falls but with a small increase in percentage at 4:30 to 6: 00 pm
27、. The percentage of audience then gradually goes down and at four AM it is the lowest which is near 2 percentage. These graphs prove the progressive popularity of television.,TASK I,多条曲线:(中间段落)分别写三条曲线2. 分阶段对比三条曲线3. 混合写法(先写将其中两条分阶段对比写),再写剩下的一条,TASK I,The graph below shows the proportion of the popula
28、tion aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,The line graph shows the proportion of people in Japan, Sweden, and USA aged 65 and over from 1940 and the expected pr
29、oportions up to 2040. From 1940-1990, the proportions of aged 65 and over in the USA and Sweden WERE similar follow the same trend. In 1940 the figures were 9% and 7% respectively in 1990.Thereafter, Americans proportion of people aged 65 and over leveled out and is forecasted to remain in 14% until
30、 2020, after which it is expected increase to 23% in 2040. however, Swedens proportion of people aged 65 and over began to rise after 1990. This increase is forecasted to continue until 2010 when the proportion is estimated to be 20%. Then there is expected to be a slight drop to 18% in 2030, follow
31、ed by a steep climb to 25% in 2040. The situation in Japan differs considerably, with a fall in the percentage of people aged 65 and over between 1940(5%) to 1960(3%). The percentage remained steady until 1985, where upon it began to climb. This rise is projected to continue until around 2030, when
32、the proportion of Japannese aged 65 and over is expected to reach 10%. Thereafter, within just a few years, the proportion is forecast to rise dramatically to 25%, with a less darmatic rese to 27% in 2040.,TASK I:流程图和示意图,目的: 让没有看到图表的人,听完你的描述后,就对图表的主要特征有所了解 方法: 1)结构(时间/空间顺序) 2)流程(时间顺序)/功能(例举)*必须分段,TA
33、SK I:流程图和示意图,The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silk worm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a
34、cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separ
35、ated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage. Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple pr
36、ocess.,TASK I:流程图和示意图,As is shown in the flow chart, the process of recycling organic waste to produce compost is really a complex one. The whole process can be categorized into five stages. First of all, prepare a plastic container which has four holes for ventilating the air. There is a rule when
37、putting waste into the container, food at the bottom within 15 centimeters high, grass at the middle and newspaper at the top within 15 centimeters high altogether, in order to make a optimum environment for different bacteria reproducing. In the following stage, we can witness nitrogen and water be
38、ing put into the container. Whats worth mentioning is that water is only added in a hot weather. Next, heat the waste and let the bacteria reproduce fastly, with which the organic waste can be decomposed and became garden fertiliser after 6 months. Subsequently, we can carry the compost out and move
39、 it to the garden, thus a new recycling can begin. In conclusion, using this way to turn the organic waste into garden fertiliser is environmentally friendly. By enlarging the number or volume of the container, we can dispose more waste at the same time.,TASK I:流程图和示意图,The diagram shows the stages i
40、n the process of making chocolate. Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia. The tree produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans.Firstly, when the pods are ripe, they are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented f
41、or several days in large wooden boxes. During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown. Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius. After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed. This part is not needed for making chocolate. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.,