1、综合语法练习,语法结构,从历年全真试题分析看，A级考试语法考查重点是时态与语态、情态动词、动词不定式、分词、动名词、定语从句、状语从句、虚拟语气、主谓一致、倒装句、强调句型、反意疑问句、代词、形容词和副词等。现逐一分析，,一、时态与语态,本部分的考查重点是： 过去完成时：常和before，after，until，when等引导的两时间状语从句连用，其谓语动作一般表示过去。(by the time / the end of) + 表示过去时时间的短语或句子。 hardlyscarcely + 过去完成时 + when + 过去时； no sooner + 过去完成时+than+过去时。 现在完成
2、时和现在完成进行时： 状语词组：this day (week，month, year) so far、for some time, up to now，up to the present, all this year等。 将来完成时：常和before，until，when，after等引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动作一般表示将来。 by (the time/ the end of) +表示将来时间的短语或句子。,1) By the end of this month，we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problemAhave found B
3、will be finding Cwill have found Dare finding答案C。 2) Until then，_ his family from him for six monthsA. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard Dhadnt heard答案D。 3) It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it rightAhave leaked Bis leaking C. leake
4、d Dhas been leaking答案D。 4) The conference _ a full week by the time it endsAmust have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted答案B。,二、情态动词,情态动词的测试重点： should (ought to) + have + p.p. 表示“对已发生事情的责备、惊奇或推测“以及表示”应该发生而没有发生的事情”。 might (could) + have + p.p. 表示“过去可能发生而没有发生的事情”。 must + have +p.p.
5、表示“对过去事件的推论”，只用于肯定句。否定句和疑问句需用cant 和can. neednt + have + p.p. 表示“做了不必做的事”。,1) The room is in a terrible mess；it _ cleanedAcant have been Bshouldnt have beenC. mustnt have been Dwouldnt have been答案A。2) With all this work on hand，he _ to the cinema last nightA. mustnt go Bwouldnt go C. oughtnt go Dshou
6、ldnt have gone答案D。,He said, “ I _ a lot of new words by the end of last year.”A. had already learnt B. would have already learnt C. have already learnt D. already learntHardly _ we _ the railway station when it began to rain heavily. A. had got to B. have got to C. did got to D. do get to,Until then
7、, _ his family from him for several months A. hadnt heard B. hasnt heard C. didnt hear D. hasnt been hearing,B.现在完成时和现在完成进行时。常用时间状语有： This day (week, month, year ), so far, for some time, up to now, up to the present, all this year ( month, week)等；Up till now I (spend) _ a great deal of money on boo
8、s, magazines and newspapers. A. hadnt heard B. hasnt heard C. didnt hear D. hasnt been hearing,C. 将来完成时。常与before, until, when, after 等连词引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示将来。 常用句型如下： By the time ( the end ) of + 表示将来时间的短语或句子。 The project to clear up the polluted river _ by the end of next year. A. is being com
9、pleted B. will have been completed C. has been completed D. will have completed,The students _ their papers by the end of this moth A. will have finished B. have been finishing C. have finished D. will be finishingMore than two million yuan _ to Jiangxi Province to set up schools for peasants childr
10、en. A. has offered B. has been offered C. have offered D. have been offered,_ , the students had to go to bed. A The light had gone out B. The lights went out C. The lights having gone out D. The lights have gone outIf you _ me about it earlier, I would have been more careful to do it. A. have told
11、B. had told C. told D. tell,If he _ thee problem well, he couldnt have solved it. A. has not studied B. shouldnt have studied C. had not studied D. were not to study,三 动词不定式,本部分的考查重点是不定式的完成式，进行式和被动式。,动词不定式,不定式的一般式 to do最为常见，表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词之后发生。如： We are learning to use the computer.(同时发生） I want
12、 some books to read. (read在want之后发生） 因此不定式在时间上常具有相对的将来的意思。,不定式的进行式to be doing表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的，而且正在进行着。这比to do 更强调两个动作的同时进行并正在进行。常同may, might, can, could, must, need, ought to, should, will, would 等情态动词连用，表示“可能，应当，想必”正在进行的动作。另外，不定式进行式也可表示“即将发生” They seem to be getting along quite well.他们似乎相处得很好。 I
13、 hate to be lying in bed like this while others are playing happily. I long to be seeing her.我渴望见到她。 比较: It is good to sit here with you.(坐下来时讲这句话） It is good to be sitting with you.（已坐在座位上时讲这句话）,不定式的完成式：to have done 1、用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, wanted, planned, wished, thought, d
14、esired, was, were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等，也用来表示先于谓语动词法和的动作或状态。to have+done表示动作，to have +been表示状态。例如： I intended to have come to see you. 我本来打算来看你的。（但没能来） I am sorry to have lost your key.把你的钥匙弄丢了，我很抱歉。 比较： She intended to come.她打算要来（是否来没交代） She intended to have come.她原本想来但没来。 She had intended to come.
15、（与上句意思相同）,不定式的完成进行式to have been doing表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，而且一直进行着。如：He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。强调动作发生的先后顺序和进行与否。,She felt a little puzzled to be asked such a question. 被问到这样一个问题，她又点迷惑不解。 She had to shout to be heard.,Look forward to doing sthConfess to承认 admit to承认 k
16、eep to遵守 Give rise to引起 object to 反对 turn to求助于，依靠，转而从事 Be accustomed to 习惯于 With a view to 为了. Be used to习惯于,Fail to do sth未能 Bu supposed to do sth. 应该 Go out of ones way to do sth特别费心 Have the nerve to do sth.有胆量做 Have the face to do sth.居然有脸做,1) Mrsbrown is supposed _ for ltaly last weekAto have
17、left Bto be leaving Cto leave Dto have been left答案A。2) Id rather read than watch television；the programs seem _ all the timeAto get worse Bgetting worseCto have got worse Dto be getting worse答案D。,3) Mr Johnson preferred _ heavier work to doA. to be given Bto give Cto have given D. having given答案A。4)
18、 A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into dozens of languages in the last decadeAto have been translated Bto translateCto be translated Dto have translated答案A。,He was very sorry _her at the airport. A. to have not me B. not tot have met C. not to meet D. to not eet 答案 B Id rather read than watch te
19、levision; the programs seem _ all the time. A. to get worse B. getting worse C. to have got worse D. to be getting worse 答案 D,Mr. Smith preferred _ heavier work to do. A. to be given B. to give C. to have given D. having givenA Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into more than ten languages in the l
20、ast decade. A. to have translated B. to translate C. to have been translated D. to be translated,A,A,Mr. Smith preferred _ heavier work to do. A. to be given B. to give C. to have given D. having given 答案 A A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into more than ten languages in the last decade. A. to h
21、ave translated B. to translate C. to have been translated D. to be translated 答案 C,A,A,柯林斯英语动词句型与操练，上海外语教育出版社大学英语语法讲座与测试，华东理工大学出版社,四、分词(现在分词和过去分词),(一)分词作状语,当分词短语作状语时，其逻辑上的主语一般须与句子的主语保持一致，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步和伴随情况等。 1) Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _.A. scolding B. to scold C. having scold
22、ed Dscolded 答案D。 2) _ such a good chance, he planned to learn moreA. To be given B. Having been given C. Having given D. Giving 答案B。,(二)分词的独立结构,当分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般与句子的主语不一致，分词短语前需带其逻辑主语， 构成分词独立结构，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况等。 1) A new technique _ ，they yields as a whole increased by 20 Per centAworking out Bhav
23、ing worked outChaving been worked out Dto have been worked out 答案C。,2)All things _ ，the planned trip will have to be called off.Aconsidered Bbe consideredCconsidering Dhaving considered 答案A。 3) Silver is the best conductor of electricity，copper _ it closely.A. followed B. following C. to follow D. b
24、eing followed答案B。,三）分词短语作定语和宾补,1) If I correct someone，I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.A. to correct B. correcting C. having corrected D. being corrected答案D。 2) The manager promised to keep me _ of how our business was going on.Ato be informed Bon infor
25、ming Cinformed Dinforming答案C。,（四）With + 名词（代词）+ V-ed 或V-ing,1)After the Arab states won independence，great emphasis was laid on expanding education，with girls as well as boys _ to go to schoolAto be encouraged Bencouraged Cbeen encouraged Dbe encouraged答案B。,五、动名词,本部分的考查重点是： 只限动名词的动词：admit, include,
26、acknowledge, risk, avoid, appreciate, consider, deny, escape, fancy, favour, hate, understand, miss, resent, delay, suggest, endure, imagine, mind, mention, dislike, postpone, excuse, practice, involve, confess, enjoy.,difficultytrouble have a good time/hard time= a struggle (in) + v-ingno businessp
27、leasure,1 ) They are considering _ before the prices go up.A. of buying the house B. with buying the houseC. buying the house D. to buy the house答案 C。 2) Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A. having been fined B. to have been finedC. to be fined D. being fined答案 D
28、。 3) Its no use _ me not to worry.A. you tell B. your tellingC. for you to have told D) having told答案 B。,六 定语从句,本部分的考查重点是： that，as, when, where, which，whose引导的定语从句。 名词代词数词/形容词比较级或最高级+of+whichwhom。 介词+ which/ whose / whom。,1) _ might be expected，the response to the question was very mixed.AAs BThat C
29、It DWhat答案A。 2) All _ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of lifeA. what is needed B. the thing neededCfor our needs Dthat is needed答案D。 3) The residents，_ had been damaged by the flood，were given help by the Red CrossAall their homes B. all whose homesCall of whose homes Dall of their h
30、omes答案C。,七 状语从句,本部分的考试重点是： 引导时间状语从句的名词词组： the instant, the moment, the time, each time, every time等。 引导原因状语从句的连词：as, seeing that(由于), in that(因为), considering that, for the reason that(因为), now that, not that but that( 不是因为，而是因为)等。 引导目的状语从句的连词：in order that, lest, in case, for fear that等。 引导条件状语从句的连
31、词：as / so long as, unless, assuming (that) (假定)，on condition (that ) (条件是), providing / provided (that) (假若), suppose / supposing that (假使), granting /granted that(假定)等。 “主补+as (though) +主语+谓语动词” 引导让步状语从句，表示倒装。,1) You see the lightning _ it happens，but you hear the thunder laterA. the instant Bfor a
32、n instant Con the instance D. in an instant 答案A 。 2) Liquids are like solids _ they have a definite volumeAin that Bfor that Cwith that Dat that 答案A。,3) Well visit Europe next year _ we have enough money.A. lest Buntil Cunless D. provided 答案D。 4) Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your tes
33、t scores，and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests Awhen Bsince C. before Dafter 答案A。,八 虚拟语气,在下列表示具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意向的动词、形容词、名词、过去分词等之后的从句中，需用虚拟语气。形式是“should+动词原形”，或省去“should”，直接用动词原形。,1. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句常用的动词有：suggest，propose，desire，request，advise，command，demand，insist，require，order，recomm
34、end，beg，prefer，pray (请求)，move (提议)，maintain (主张)，stipulate (规定)，direct (命令)等。,1) We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plansAinform Binforms Cinformed Dhas informed 答案A。 2) He suggested _ to tomorrows exhibition togetherAus to go B. we went Cwe shall go Dwe go 答案D。,2. 虚拟语气
35、用于主语从句常用的形容词有：necessary，important, essential，desirable，advisable，imperative(迫切的)。urgent，preferable，vital，insistent(坚持的)，crucial(紧要关头的), strange(不可思议的)等。 常用的分词有：suggested，proposed，demanded，required，requested，desired，ordered，recommended，insisted，asked，resolved等。,1) It was essential that the applicatio
36、n forms _ back before the deadlineA. must be sent Bwould be sent Cbe sent Dwere sent 答案C。 2 It was proposed that the matter _ discussed at the next meetingA. will be Bwas C，would Dbe 答案D。 3) It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been madeAis not started Bwill not be st
37、arted Cnot be started Dis not to be started 答案C。,3. 虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句,常用的名词有：suggestion，proposal，advice，order，request，recommendation，requirement，insistence，stipulation，necessity，command等。 1) We are all for your proposal that the discussion _ . Abe put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put
38、 off 答案A。 2) My suggestion is that we _ a special board to examine the problem Awill set up Bare to set up Cset up Dmust set up 答案C。,4. 虚拟语气用于状语从句,1) _ before we depart the day after tomorrow，we should have a wonderful dinner party.AHad they arrived CWere they arrivingBWould they arrive DWere they t
39、o arrive 答案D. 2) _ for my illness I would have lent him helping handANot being BHad it not been CWithout being DNot having been 答案B。 3)That tree looked as if it _ for a long timeAhasnt watered Ddidnt water Chadnt been watered Dwasnt watered 答案C。,5. 虚拟语气的其它用法,1. It is (high, about) time .句型，表示“早该干某事而
40、已经有些晚了”。If only引起的感叹句，表示“但愿，该就好了”。 1) Its time _ about the traffic problem downtown.A. something was done Banything will be doneC. everything is done Dnothing to be done 答案A。 2) Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your adviceAfollow Bhad followed Cwould follow Dhave followed答案B。,2条件暗
41、含在with，without，but for(要不是)，or(否则)，otherwise(否则)，except for(除了)，under the condition，in the position of等介词短语中，谓语一般用should+动词原形或省略should，直接用动词原形。,1) _ the storm，the ship would have reached its destination on timeA. In spite of B. In case of C. But for D. Because of 答案C。 2) We didnt know his telephone
42、number；otherwise we _ himA. would have telephoned Bmust have telephonedCwould telephone Dhad telephoned答案A。 3) He must have had an accident，or he _ thenAwould have been here Bhad to be hereCshould be here Dwould be here答案A。,3Lest (以防)，for fear that (惟恐，以免)，in order that (为了)，in case引导的目的状语从句。 The ma
43、d man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himselfAinjure Bhad injured Cinjured Dwould injure答案A。,4wish，would rather / sooner / as soon后的宾语从句。 Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time beingAdont Bwouldnt Cdidnt Dshouldnt答案C。,九 主谓一致,本部分的考查重点是：如果主语为单数而后面跟有 with，together with，alo
44、ng with, combined with，as well as, in addition to，more than，no less than，rather than，like，but，except等词引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。,如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词且前面有every，each，no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：every boy and girl in this region taught to read and write many a (an / another)+名词；more than one+名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：more than one pe
45、rson was involved in the case.,the number (variety of)+名词作主语；an amount of (a deal of / plenty of)+不可数名词；a quantity of+不可数名词，谓语动词均用单数。由“and连接两个名词作主语，and后面的名词若不加冠词，常指同一个人或事物，谓语动词用单数。如：the secretary and manager (书记兼经理)。, 以-ic，结尾的名词如表示的是一门学科，动词用单数，如指特定事物，动词用复数。由连词or, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but
46、 also, nor等连接的两个名词(或代词)，谓语形式应采用毗邻一致的原则，即谓语与邻近的主语一致。,How close parents are to their children _ a strong influence on the character of the childrenAhave Bhas Chaving Dto have答案B。,24. You as well as he to blame(责备) for the accident（交通事故）. A. are B. is C. have D. has 答案 B 25. Neither my wife nor I mysel
47、f able to teach my daughter to sing English songs. A. has been B. is C. are D. am 答案 D,Many a man _ seen the wonderful film. Many men _ seen the wonderful film.A. has; has B. has; have C. have; has D. have; have 答案B Going to bed early and getting up early _ a good habit. Singing and dancing _ two of the things that he likes best.A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are 答案C,
