1、The Second Language Acquisition,第二语言习得,Definition,Second language acquisition: It refers to a systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.Acquisition习得: 无意识地学会 Learning学习：通过系统学习语法规律等学会,Interlanguage 中介语,定义： 中介语：中介语理论假设第二语言学习者有一个自行创造的独特的语言系统，介乎学习者的母
2、语和目的语之间，并随学习的进展逐渐向目的语靠拢。因为游离于母语和目的语之间，中介语自然包含许多错误。 E.g. I lost my road.I lost my way.特征： Fossilization（石化现象）:It refers to the phenomenon that incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language. 石化现象是中介语的重要特征 E.g. All students are not here.不是所有的学生都在这
3、里None of the student is here.所有的学生都不在这里,对第二语习得的研究方法,1、Contrastive Analysis（对比分析）：对两种语言系统（尤其是指对母语和第二语言）进行对比和比较，以期能发现二者的异同之处。Language transfer（语言迁移） Positive Transfer（正迁移）：母语与目的语相似，有利于目的语学习。 Negative Transfer（负迁移）：母语与目的语的差异，妨碍对目的语的掌握。（如中文名词无单复数形式）2 、Error Analysis（错误分析）：先对二语学习者进行中介与区分和描述，通过对比中介语与目的语的不
4、同找出差异的错误，然后对其进行分析。2.1. Interlingual errors（语际错误）：受母语影响所引起的错误（语法，读音，语序，词汇等）e.g. three lie/lay,意义区别,Mistakes & Errors Mistake失误：有意或无意造成的（如粗心），可自我更正 Error错误：无意造成的（如能力不足），不可自我纠错Nurture & Nature Nurture 后天学习：通过不断模仿和巩固学到的 Nature 先天习得：人类天生具有语言学习机制，通过足量知识输入可逐渐获得语言知识Input hypothesis（输入假说）：通过向学习者提供比目前水平稍高一点的知
5、识输入，可以激活学习者的语言习得机制，而促进他们语言学习的进步。,Individual Differences个体差异,1.language aptitude（语言学习潜能）2.motivation2.1. instrumental motivation（工具型动机）：如为了考试或奖学金等2.2. integrative motivation（综合型动机）：如对希望参加英语社团等2.3. resultative motivation （结果型动机）：为了外在目的2.4.intrinsic motivation （内在动机）：为了满足自我对外语学习的兴趣3.strategy3.1. learni
6、ng strategies 3.2. cognitive strategies（认知策略） 3.3. metacognitive strategies（元认知策略） 3.4. affect/social strategies（社会/情感策略）4.age of acquisition （习得年龄）5.personality,Exercises,1. The unconscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language through using the language in communication is defined
7、 as( ) A. learning B. interaction C. acquisition D. competence 答案：C 2. The phenomenon in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language in second language learning is known as（ ） A. transfer B. fossilization C. inference D. overgeneralizat
8、ion 答案：B,3.“Fossilization” is an important characteristic of the( ) A. native language B. second language C. target language D. interlanguage 答案：D4. The following statements about error analysis are true EXCEPT( ) A. The once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by error analysis B. Different from contrastive analysis, error analysis gives less consideration to native language C. Error analysis compares the forms and meanings across the native and target languages D. Two main sorts of errors were diagnosed: interlingual errors and intralingual errors 答案：C,
