1、数字口译,Interpreting figures,Main content,A brief introductionMajor difference between C Expression of fractions, decimals, multiples and indefinite numbersInterpreting exercise,Difference between C & E figures,E: (trillion), billion, million, thousand, hundredC: (兆) 千 百 十 亿 千 百 十 万 千 百 十 个,Some common
2、ly used figures,1万=ten thousand 10万=one hundred thousand 100万=one million 1000万=ten million 1亿=one hundred million 10亿=one billion,What to take down?,FiguresWords/phrases that figures modify,1) Two significant points: as indicated earlier, it is risky trying to do a long series of figure in interpre
3、ting without jotting them down in a feasible way. To ensure accuracy it is always helpful and reassuring to speedily jot them down as they are being uttered (or read) by the original speakers.,b Some Practical Hints to Remember,2) In the case of C-E and E-C interpretation, figures do require a suffi
4、cient amount of training. By figures we mean, in a larger sense, not only a long series of figures combined with various units of measurements but also a long string of document symbols and long series of proper names (of persons/places).,Skills in taking notes(1),点线法：中译外时，应在听到“亿”时即斜向划一长线/，听到“万”时再划同
5、样的斜长线/，剩下的数字则仍用“符号结合阿拉伯数字”的通用方式完成，即三个零为，两个零为，或者一律记阿拉伯数字，但不一定立即译成相应的译语数字。 eg1：一亿三千零二万零八百五十八 1/3002/0858 eg2：一百零一亿七千四百八十九万零五百四十 101/7489/0540,Skills in taking notes(2),口译时，从右向左，逆着原记录顺序每三位打一个逗号（分节号），便可将这些数字切分成印欧语系诸语言的进位单位了。从右向左：第一个分节号左位是“千”位，第二个分节号左位是“百万”位，第三个分节号左位是“十亿”位。eg1：1/30,02/0,858 130M 20Th 8Hu
6、 &58 eg2：10,1/74,89/0,540 10B 174M 890Th 5Hu &40,Fractions,六分之一： 二分之一： 四分之一： 四分之三：,one-sixth a/one half a/one quarter three quarters,(cardinal no./ordinal no.),Decimals,0.7: 0.546: 0.009%: 0.8 万 ： 0.7亿： 0.93亿： 56.08万：,point seven; zero point seven point five four six zero point o o nine percent 8,00
7、0；eight thousand 70,000,000; seventy million ninety-three million 560,800; five hundred and sixty thousand eight hundred,Ordinal numbers In Chinese we often hear or talk about ordinal numbers. If we interpret in English, we have to change the ways of asking/inquiry.,这是你第几次来中国？ Is this your first vis
8、it to China? This isnt your first visit to China, is it? How many times have you been in China?你们队得了第几名？ Did your team win the championship? Did you get/win the first place in the competition?这孩子是（你的）老几呀？ Is this your oldest/youngest child/son/daughter?,vi. Interpretation of times (倍数的译法),In scienti
9、fic English the use of times is quite common. As for the expression of times, there are many differences between English and Chinese. For example, “to increase 4 times”, in Chinese it can be put into “increase 3 times” (增加3倍), and also be put into增加到4倍. In English we can say “to reduce 4 times” but
10、in Chinese we cannot say in the same way. We can say “to reduce three quarter” (减少四分之三), or “to be reduced to one quarter”.,一、“几倍于”的译法,英语表示一事物的某种数量为另一事物的几倍时，通常使用一下三种结构来表达：“倍数asas”的译法英语表示“几倍于”常用倍数加asas即 “X times + as 形容词（副词） as” 结构（X代表任意整数）。因此又译为“是的X倍”、“为的X倍”或“X倍于”，其倍数照译不减。如果要译成双方比较相差的倍数，则将其倍数减一，译成“比
11、（X1）倍”。如 “10 times as large as”, 译成“大小是（为）的10倍”，或“比大9倍”。 On the earth everything is six times as heavy as on the moon.地球上每件东西的重量为月球上的6倍。,“倍数比较级than”的译法表示“几倍于”的概念，还可以用“X times +比较级than”结构。此结构表示的倍数与（一）结构相同，所以汉译时，同样译成“是的X倍”、“为的X倍”、“X倍于”或“比（X1）倍”。,“倍数名词（代词that）”的译法英语还可以用“X times名词（代词that）”结构来表示“几倍于”，一般可
12、译成“是的X倍”、“为的X倍”或“比（X1）倍”等。 In the workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that of January. 这个车间7月份的产量是元月份的3.5倍。 The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. In 1980 the export value of machine tool was 8 times that of 1970. 1980年机床的出口数为1970年的8倍。,二、“增加几倍”的译法,英语表示“增加几倍”，常用具有增加意义的动词加倍数，或只用具有倍数意义的动词。句中
13、的倍数是指所增加的倍数与原有数之和。因此若译出净增加的倍数，就将原文减一，译成“增加了（X1）倍“，或”增加（X1）倍”。若要译出增加部分与原有部分之和，则照译不减，译成“增加到X倍”。,“表示增加意义的动词倍数”表增加意义的动词有increase、rise、grow、raise、exceed等。与其连用的倍数有三种形式：“数词times”;数词与fold组成的合成词;“by a factor of +数词“。比如3倍，又用3 times 或 three-fold（threefold），也可用by a factor of three来表示。 With the result of automat
14、ion productivity has increased 6 times in that factory. 由于自动化的结果，那个工厂的生产率增加了5倍。 （或译成增加到6倍）,“表示倍数意义的动词宾语”作动词用的倍数常见的有double（两倍）、triple（三倍）、quadruple（四倍）等。 As the high voltage was abruptly trebled, all the valves burnt. 由于高压突然增加了两倍，管子都烧坏了。,综上所述,翻译“几倍于”和“增加几倍”时，汉语有两种不同的表示法，两者正好相差一倍，所以要多加注意。以three times为
15、例： 包括原来底数的译法：“是三倍”、“为三倍”、“三倍于”或“增加到三倍”等。 不包括原来底数的译法：“大两倍”、“长两倍”、“增加两倍”或“增加了两倍”等。,三、倍数减少的译法,英语中还可以用具有减少意义的词加倍数来表示减少的数量。句中的倍数是指原量为现量的倍数。由于汉语不能说“减少多少倍”，所以汉译时需要将原文倍数化为分数，译成“减少了”（指减去部分），或译成“减少到“（指剩下部分）。 By using this new process the loss of metal was reduced four times. 采用这种新工艺使金属损耗减少了四分之三。（或译为降到了四分之一） T
16、he principal advantage is a four-fold reduction in volume. 主要优点是体积缩小了四分之三。注： 如果减少的倍数中有小数点，则要换算成不带小数点的分数。比如reduce 4.5 times， 应换算成整数（）后，译成“减少到九分之二”，或“减少了九分之七”。,四比例与百分比 的表达法,1 比例的表达方式分两种，表示成正比常用词组：vary with, be proportional to, the morethe more。表示成反比常用词组：vary inversely with, the morethe less。例如： 商品的价格与
17、质量成正比。 The prices of commodities vary with the quality. 如果电压不变，电阻和电流成反比。 If the voltage remains constant, the more the resistance the less the current.,2 百分比的表示法通常有以下三种情形： 百分数与by连用，作状语。例如： 与去年同期相比，国家第一季度的总收购量增长了6.2%。 The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 6.2, compared with
18、the same period of last year. 百分数单独做状语。例如： 去年日本小汽车产量比1990年下降了12。 The output of cars in Japan last year was 12% less than in 1990. 百分比作定语、宾语。例如： 金属损耗减少到30以下。 The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 30%.,五、趋势语的表达法,英语中有丰富的描述数字上升、下降或稳定的词汇，即趋势语（trend language）。如下列句子中划线的词汇： The area of cultivated
19、land decreased by 7.6 million hectares, but the yield per hectare rose by an average of 180 kg. Average annual grain supply per person grow from 200 to 400kg, and meat from 9 to 15kg.,下面列举一些英语中常用来表达趋势的词汇：,表示上升趋势：an increase增加, a rise提高, a climb爬升, a jump上升, a growth增长; to increase增加, to rise提高, to c
20、limb爬升, to jump上升, to grow增长, to reach升至, to go up上升。表示下降趋势：a fall下降, a drop跌落, a decline下跌, a decrease减少; to fall下降, to drop跌落, to decline下跌, a decrease减少, to go down下降, to bottom out降至最低点, to slow down减速, to decelerate减速。表示稳定：to remain (stable)保持，不变，稳定，维持; to stand at不变，稳定，维持; to level out (off)平衡
21、，稳定。,汉语： “增加N元”，“增加N” 英译： a N yuan increase a N percent increase英语： a N-fold increaseN-fold/N times表示含义是增加到N倍，不是净增加数， 其汉语含义净增数应为N1倍。,英语： “倍数强比较级”或“倍数over”的句型汉译： A比B多N1倍或A为B的N倍英语N times 和N-fold用于增减和强弱有多种说法，用于增加和强比较的是基数乘以N，意为“增加到N倍”、“为比较对象的N倍（如five times greater，即基数5）；用于减少或弱比较是“减少到”、“为比较对象的”（如seven ti
22、mes smaller即基数7，“缩小到七分之一”）。,Multiples(1),C:甲是乙的两倍 E: twice asas, twice the number / size / length of, to increase by 100%; doubleeg. 这辆车的价钱是那辆的两倍。/这辆车比那辆车贵一倍。This car is twice as costly as that one. This car is twice the cost of that one.,Multiples(2),C:甲是乙的三倍 E: three times as as, three times the n
23、umber of; to increase by 200%; tripleeg.这幢楼是那幢楼的三倍高。这幢楼比那幢楼高两倍。This building is three times as high as that one. This building is three times the height of that one.,Multiples(3),C:甲是乙的四倍 E: four times/fourfold; quadruple; to increase by 300% Eg.我们现在的工资是十年前的五倍。我们现在的工资比10年前增加了四倍。Our salaries are now
24、five times/fivefold as many as what they were ten years ago.Our salaries are now five times/fivefold those ten years ago.,Indefinite Numbers (1),Approximate Numbers (大约) C: 约、大约、大概、来、左右 E: about, around, roughly, approximately, some, more or less, in the neighborhood of , or so, or thereabout, in th
25、e rough Numbers with the Meaning of “Nearly” (将近) C: 近、快、将近、几乎、差不多、差一点儿、差一点儿不到 E: nearly, almost, toward, close on,Indefinite Numbers (2),Numbers Smaller than Round Numbers (少于) C: 少于、低于、不到、不及、不足、以下 E: fewer than, less than, under, below, within Indefinite Numbers Which Mean “More Than”(多于) C: 多于、大于
26、、高于、超过、多、以上 E: more than, over, above, upwards of, and more, odd, and oddNumbers Which Are Between Particular Numbers (介于) C: 到、至、介于之间 E: from to , (anywhere) between and ,Expressions,达到 reach, total, number, total, peak at, bein total 占%: account for, take up; constitute; make up 上升：rise, increase,
27、 climb, jump, skyrocket, augment, soar, up 下降: fall, drop, decline, decrease, precipitate, down 稳定/波动: level out/off, remain stable, fluctuate, stand/stay at, to reach a peak,Exercise(1),科威特油井产油几乎五百倍于美国油井。Kuwait oil wells yield nearly 500 times more than US wells.,Exercise(2),与去年同期相比，国家第一季度的总收购量增长了6
28、.2%。The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 6.2, compared with the same period of last year.,Exercise(3),去年日本小汽车产量比1990年下降了12。The output of cars in Japan last year was 12% less than in 1990.,Exercise(4),The principal advantage is a four-fold reduction in volume. 主要优点是体积缩小了四分之
29、三。,Exercise(5),During the critical year of 1917 Party membership rose tenfold from 20,000 to 200,000.在关键性的1917年，党员人数从二万增加 到二十万，即增加了九倍。,Exercise(6),2006年，是我国实施“十一五”规划并实现良好开局的一年，国民经济和社会发展取得重大成就。China began implementation of and made a good start on its Eleventh Five-Year Plan in 2006, making major ach
30、ievements in economic and social development.,Exercise(7),经济平稳快速增长。国内生产总值20.94万亿元，比上年增长10.7%；居民消费价格总水平上涨1.5%。经济增长连续四年达到或略高于10%，没有出现明显通货膨胀。The economy experienced steady and fast growth. Chinas GDP was 20.94 trillion yuan, an increase of 10.7% over the previous year. The consumer price index rose by
31、1.5%. For four years in a row, economic growth has reached or slightly exceeded 10% without significant inflation.,Exercise(8),经济效益稳步提高。全国财政收入3.93万亿元，比上年增加7694亿元；规模以上工业企业实现利润增长31%，增加4442亿元。Economic performance improved steadily. National revenue reached 3.93 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of
32、 769. 4 billion yuan. Profits of large industrial enterprises rose 31%, an increase of 444.2 billion yuan.,Exercise(9),中国进出口贸易总额1.76万亿美元，比上年增长23.8%；实际利用外商直接投资695亿美元。Chinas import and export volume totaled US$ 1.76 trillion, a year-on-year increase of 23.8%. Paid-in foreign direct investment reached
33、$69.5 billion.,Exercise(10),人民生活有较大改善。城镇新增就业1184万人。城镇居民人均可支配收入11759元，农村居民人均纯收入3587元，扣除价格因素，分别比上年实际增长10.4%和7.4%。Peoples living standards improved substantially. A total of 11.84 million urban residents entered the workforce. Urban per capita disposable income rose to 11,759 yuan, an increase of 10.4%
34、 in real terms after adjusting for inflation, and rural per capita net income grew to 3,587 yuan, an increase of 7.4% in real terms after adjusting for inflation.,Exercise(11),全年中央财政用于科技、教育、卫生和文化事业的支出分别为774亿元、536亿元、138亿元和123亿元，比上年增长29.2%、39.4%、65.4%和23.9%。The central government spent 77.4 billion yu
35、an on science and technology, 53.6 billion yuan on education, 13.8 billion yuan on health and 12.3 billion yuan on culture, representing year-on-year increases of 29.2%, 39.4%, 65.4% and 23.9% respectively.,iii. Note the following ways of uncertain numbers几个 some; a few; several十几个 more than/ over a
36、 dozen; less/no more than twenty几十个 dozens of几十年 Decades七十好几了 well over seventy二十刚出头 in her/his early twenties三十大几了（快四十了） in her/his late thirties千千万万 thousands and thousands of好几百个 hundreds of成千上万 thousands upon thousand of几十万 hundreds of thousands of数以百万计的 millions of亿万(人) hundreds of millions of十
37、年 a decade二十年 a score/four score and seven years ago三十年(25-30) a generation五十年 half a century一百年的 centennial 一百年/世纪 Century,a The Metric System & Chinese Equivalent,Length 长度 meter/m 米=3市尺 kilometer/km 公里=2市里 Area 面积 sq.m 平方米=3平方市尺 hectare/ha 公顷=15市亩 (1亩 =0.66ha) sq.km 平方公里=4平方市里 (km2) Weight/mass 重
38、量与质量 kg 公斤=2市斤 q 公担=200市斤 MT 公吨=2000市斤 Capacity 容量 litre/l =1市升,ton作为重量单位时的汉语释义似应为：ton重量单位： 长英、重、大、毛吨 （通用于英国，与long ton 和gross ton同义，量值2240磅，约等于1016.06公斤） 短美、轻、小、净吨 （通用于美国、加拿大和南非，与short ton 和net ton同义，量值2000磅，约等于907.2公斤） 吨汉语吨，metric ton或tonne 量值为1000公斤 最后使用tonne在美式和英式英语中都等于1000公斤，量值也与我国法定计量单位吨等同。汉译英时可译为tonne。,Attention!,b The British & US System,Length 长度mile/mi 哩=1,609km fathom/fm 寻=1,829m yard/yd 码=0.914m foot/ft 尺=30.48cm inch/in 寸=2.54cmWeight 重量 pound/lb. 磅=0.454kg ounce/oz. 盎司=28.35gCapacity 容量 gallon/gal. 加仑 4.546LTemperature 温度C (Centigrade) 摄氏=(F-32)5/9 F (Fahrenheit) 华氏=C9/5+32,
