1、董婷,大学英语四级写作,大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作，写作写得如何会直接影响以后的做题。 四级写作的体裁包括说明文、议论文和应用文。写作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和图表。写作字数在120字以上，写作的时间为30分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的检查。 写作既考查你的思考判断能力，也考查你的表达能力。因此，你应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定的认识和见解，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点。,Chapter 1. An introduction to CET-4 and CET-4 writing Chapter 2. Paragraph writing Chapter 3
2、. Passage writing Chapter 4. Clauses and analyses of common writing types,Syllabus,1. 大学英语四级考试的分值分布 2. 大学英语四级考试的基本流程 3. 大学英语四级写作的基本要求 4. 大学英语四级写作的评分准则 5. 写作时的注意事项 6. 写作的“七项基本原则”,Chapter 1. An introduction to CET-4 and CET-4 writing,分值分布,听力、阅读部分的换算，错前两分的时候，标准分扣分严重，1分扣10.5分，错到第3分的时候，标准分扣分有所降低-7分，扣到10分
3、以后，标准分扣分就更低（3分）,290？,卷面成绩为0！,430？,Congratulations!,8：50-9：00试音时间 9：00-9：10播放考场指令，发放答题卡一、二 9：10取下耳机，开始作文考试 9：35发放含有快速阅读的试题册（但9：40才允许开始做） 9：40-9：55做快速阅读 9：55-10：00收答题卡一（即作文和快速阅读） 9：55-10：00重新戴上耳机，试音寻台，准备听力考试 10：00开始听力考试，电台开始放音 11：20全部考试结束。,考试流程,四级写作基本要求,能完成一般性的写作任务；能描述个人经历、情感和发生的事件等；能写常见的应用文；能就一般性的话题或
4、提纲在半小时内写出120个词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语义连贯；能掌握基本的写作技能。,言之成理 观点正确 条理清楚 内容有趣 语言通顺 可读性强,1. CET 4 作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）, 而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。 2. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而恰当地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否会造成理解上的障碍。,四级写作评分准则,3. 避免
5、趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。 4.字数不足应酌情扣分： （1）如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。 （2）规定三段的作文，只写一段者：0 4分；只写两段者：0 9分。,四级写作评分准则,1本题满分为15分 2阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一份。 3阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如 8分)相似，即定为 该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。,四级写作评分标准,2分
6、 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,四级写作评分标准,5字数不足应酌情扣分：,四级写作评分标准,注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。,千疮百孔，令人发指,作文的性价比,6,Just so so,9,眼前一亮，感觉不错,
7、12,拍案叫绝！,14-15,1. 卷面整洁。卷面整洁指的是字体清晰、大小适中、合理利用空间。由于四级作文的阅卷方式是先扫描后复制到电脑上，然后由阅卷老师在电脑上阅卷，所以在阅卷老师主观判卷的过程中，作文的框架以及书写的整洁程度 会对最终的分数产生很大的影响。建议考生采用黑色水笔作答，每行书写10-12个词。同时提醒考生，切勿将答题卡折叠。,写作时的注意事项,2. 严格按给定提纲的顺序写作。考生在组织作文的写作思路时，要严格按照提纲给定的要求写作。当然，考生也可以灵活运用写作套路，使用一些经典词汇或句型，把提纲句作为中心句放在每段的开头，后面再加上由逻辑词连接的分支观点，做到“以不变应万变”。
8、,写作时的注意事项,3. 文章至少三段。四级写作的判卷规则有一条是这样规定的：只写一段 07分;两段09分。因此，笔者建议考生至少写三段内容。 4. 保证字数。四级写作规定的字数是120词或150词左右，每少10个单词扣1分，因而考生在写作时一定要注意达到相应字数。,写作时的注意事项,强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。,写作的“七项基本原则”,1、长短句原则,举个例子吧：,As a creature, I eat; as a m
9、an, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.,写作的“七项基本原则”,2、主题句原则,主题句通常放在句首 To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without suffi
10、cient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.,写作的“七项基本原则”,3、阐述观点的一二三原则,（1）first, second, third, last （2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally （3）the first, the second, the third, the last （4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly,以上， 皆不推荐！
11、,Why?,俗！,（5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally （6）to start with, next, in addition, finally （7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least （8）most important of all, moreover, finally （9）on the one hand, on the other hand （10）for one thing, for another thing,强烈推荐！,写作的“七项基本原则”,4. 短语优先原则,写作时
12、，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，你的得分率将会降低；相反，如果发现一些精彩的短语，你的文章定会得高分。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it. I cannot put up with it. I want it. I am looking forward to it.,原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。所谓虚词是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该只说nice
13、这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital之类的形象词。再比如：,写作的“七项基本原则”,5. 多实少虚原则,走出房间 Walk out of the room,Slip out of the room,小偷,Sail out of the room,大家 闺秀,Dance out of the room,小孩子,stagger out of the room,老人,（1）加法（串联） 写长句的方法就是，前后的句子有先后关系或者并列关系-加and。比如说：I enjo
14、y music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列，我们可以用一个Not only the fur coat is soft, but also it is warm.,写作的“七项基本原则”,6. 多变句式原则,超级句式,（2）转折,批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，写文章的时候只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个转折词就够了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it
15、was warm.更多的短语： despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding,拐弯抹角,（3）因果（so, so, so） 这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！ The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that,然后哩？,（4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） 文章中
16、如果出现失衡句子，更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。 This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. I found (that) he was selfish and that he worked carelessly.,变形,（5）附加 附加法其实很简单：同位语要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom /that关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。 The man whom you met yes
17、terday is a friend of mine. I dont enjoy that book you are reading. Mr. Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.,多此一举,（6）排比 文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！,排山倒海！,Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simpl
18、e, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.,在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，
19、其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。,写作的“七项基本原则”,7. 挑战极限原则,The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.,1. 段落的基本结构 2. 主题句 3. 段落的展开 4. 衔接和过渡 5. 结尾段的写法,Chapt
20、er 2. Paragraph Writing,文章由段落组成。段落是表达一个中心思想或者一个意群相关句子的整体组合。要锻炼在语篇水平上的写作能力，首先要把段落写好，加强句与句之间衔接、段与段之间过渡的技巧练习。进行段落层次上的写作训练，是写好英语文章的关键一环。 根据句子在段落中起到的作用，我们讲一个段落中的句子大致分为三种：,段落的基本结构,topic sentence,supporting sentence (段落发展的八种手段),concluding sentence,主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它是概括段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子，
21、是段落的核心所在，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。 它通常由主题和中心思想两部分组成，作为段落信息传递的出发点，简单扼要告诉读者段落的线索和范围。所以，主题句必须清晰准确。,主题句,In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods -every
22、thing. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.,Our life today depends very much on energy.,主题句的位置 主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的
23、写作手法，便于保持段落的一致性与连贯性，也不易跑题。,No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertis
24、ers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses. 以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。,如何写好主题句中的关键词段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能
25、说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。在上面的两个例子中，主题句的关键词分别为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced.,主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。
26、,如何写好主题句的中心思想,Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an a
27、dequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.,“Exercise is beneficial“这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。,There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, j
28、ust as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.,本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。,作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,段落的展开,1. 列举法(details),Ye
29、sterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new s
30、kirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said “Wet Paint“ and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had
31、left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand.,常用于列举法的表达及过渡连接词有： for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also, most importantly, eventually, last but not least, in addition等。,Tips!,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是
32、列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。一般而言，多个比一个更有效，但一个具有代表性的，且能清楚说明主题的要比一连串非典型性的例子更有效。,2. 举例法(example),There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they
33、 prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,本段采用了三个事例来说
34、明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。,Tips!,举例法中常用的连接词有： for example, for instance, as an example, take as an example, such as, a case in point.,将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点。 需要注意的是：句子之间的过渡。,3 对比法或比较法
35、(comparison & contrast),The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.,
36、在这段文字上， 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较， “-a thousand times faster than -” ;而后，又将这一概念具体到了 “a problem”上，通过对比使读者从“-a long time -in one minute”上有更加直观的认识。,比较法常用的表达有：like, as, likewise, similarly, in the same way, equally, in comparison with, by contrast, conversely, on the contrary, however, while 等。,Tip
37、s!,在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。 在分类的时候千万要注意各类别之间的逻辑关系，分类标准要明确，不要出现重叠现象。,4. 分类法(classification),Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral
38、 speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and e
39、xact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found i
40、n signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.,在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的 “various forms of communication”，作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。 采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分。,有很多主题都可以先被作为一个结果进行设想，然后找出一些理论作为依据来解释、论证，最终达到说明某种结果的目的，这
41、样的方法称为因果分析法。 基本要求：主题句必须明确，展开句必须能对主题句起到加强作用。,5. 因果分析法(cause and effect),The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another re
42、ason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,常用于因果分析法的连接词有：because, since, as, because of, due to, owing to,
43、on account of, for this reason, consequently, lead to, so that, so, as a result等。,Tips!,这是一个技术性的问题。有了好的思想，写出了没有语法错误的句子，是否意味着就是一篇好作文呢？恐怕未必。古人做文章讲究“起承转合”，英语作文也同样要注意句与句、段与段之间的过渡和衔接，只有那样才能使文章成为一个和谐的有机统一的整体。,衔接和过渡,保障文章的一致性，指的是段落表达内容完整且各个部分能有机联系在一起。常用的方法有使用平行结构、重复单词或词组、用代词代替前文中的句子、保持名词/代词的数的一致和动词的时态的一致等等。
44、 提高文章的连贯性，指的是中心思想的阐述要合乎逻辑、清晰、前后有联系地展开，且句子中间自然、流畅、合理。需要使用表示各种关系的承接词。,衔接和过渡,空间段落展开,above, before me, before, on the left across, from, below, in the distance, on the right adjacent to, beyond, nearby, opposite to also, further, next to, on top of up, down, close to, beneath under, around, near to, ove
45、r,时间段落展开,first, second, etc. soon, eventually in the meantime, then, until at the same time, next, thereafter after a while, now, after presently, later, afterward somewhat later, finally, at last,分析段落展开,first, second, etc. now, for this purpose but, as a result, furthermore finally, at last, moreov
46、er also, consequently, likewise another, for example, next yet, for instance, on the contrary once, in addition, in summary such, in this case, on the other hand then, otherwise, in conclusion thus, to sum up, therefore,比较段落展开,another, furthermore, moreover equally important, too, also, at the same
47、time besides, then, accordingly in fact, in addition to, like, likewise similarly, just asso, in much the same way,对比段落展开,on the contrary, different from / in contrast on the other hand, in spite of / despite yet, but, whereas unlike, nevertheless not onlybut also, herethere years agotoday, thisthat
48、 the formerthe latter, thennow the firstwhereas the second, someothers on the one handon the other, oncenow,原因,1A number of factors are accountable for this situation. 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. 3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that. 4. The factors that contribu
49、te to this situation include. 5. The change in .largely results from the fact that. 6. We may blame .,but the real causes are. 7. Part of the explanations for it is that .8. One of the most common factors (causes ) is that .9. Another contributing factor (cause ) is .10. Perhaps the primary factor is that 11. But the fundamental cause is that .,后果,1. It may give rise to a host of problems. 2. The immediate result it produces is . 3. It will exercise a profound influence upon. 4. Its consequence can be so great that.,
