1、2008 高考英语知识串讲 - 1 - 作者： 胡晓凌一、Language Points1. share v. 分享、合用：share sth with sbn. 一份，股份spare a. 业余的，备用的：spare time, a spare tirev. 抽出，匀给：spare me five minutes/spare one of sandwiches for the boyspare no efforts：不遗余力 spare no expense：不惜工本save v. 节省，救出2. He felt lucky to have survived the war.3. with
2、sb about/over sth：和某人就某事争论argue for/against sth：赞成/反对Sb into/out of (doing) sth：说服某人做/ 不做某事4. have/make/let/see/watch/listen to+宾+ 宾补(do/doing/done)get sb to do sthhave+宾+宾补(to do/to be done)5. So+同一主语+助动词So/neither/nor+助动词+另一主语So it is/was with+另一主语6. should/ought to/need/could/might/would+do/have
3、done7. except/but/except for/except that/except wh-clausebesides/in additionapart frombut for=without8. The first time+从句For the first time：作时间状语Its the first time+that-clause(完成时)the first+名词+to do9. mostmost of the +n.(pl)/pron. the majority of (the)mostly: 主要地（状）10. be equal to sth：与相等be equal to
4、 (doing) sth：胜任( 做)某事equal sth：与相等equal sb in sth：在方面与某人匹敌11. compareto/withcompared to/with12. a great manyseveral/two dozen/hundred +n.(pl.)(many) dozens ofa great many of +the/these/those+n.(pl.)seveal/two dozen of +pron.13. much too+adj/adv(原级)too much+n.(u.)too many+n.(pl.)14. 没有被动态come about(主
5、要用于疑问句、否定句)happen(表示偶然、碰巧之意)sth+ take place(多表示有组织、有计划)break out(指战争、灾害、疾病等的爆发)occur(与 happen 通用)It occurs to sb that/to do：某人突然想起15. n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phraseto do：表将来With+宾+宾补 doing：表正在进行Done：表过去16. 强调句型的判断方法：如果将句子中的“it be”和“that”去掉，原句通顺则是强调句，否则就不是强调句。例：It was in the street that I met an old
6、friend yesterday.一、Language points1. sb./sth.+adj/nsb./sth.+to doconsider(以为，认为) sb./sth.+asthat-clausen.consider(考虑) doing疑问词+to do sth“把当作”的译法：consideras=think of/look on/take/regard/treat/haveas2. to doA way+ of doing(that/in which)+定语从句A method of doing sthby this meansYou can solve the problem+
7、 with this methodin this wayby means of:通过方式，以手段by this/that means:通过这种/那种方式by all means:务必，一定；（用于回答）当然行，请by no means:决不，一点也不（用于句首时用倒装）3. protect(from) doing sthprevent/stop(from) doing sthkeepfrom doingkeepdoingunder the potection of4. as wellas well asmight/may as well=had better5. to dospecially+
8、 for-phraseespecially6. along the river:沿着河流over the river:在河的正上方through the forest:穿过森林by the river:在河边on the bank:在河岸上7. follow the instructionsfollow ones adviceas follows8. be responsible to sb for sth9. n.doing/to do sthsb to do sthprefer+ sth to sthdoing A to doing Bto do A rather than do stht
9、hat sb (should) do sth10. n.+after +n.=one +n. +after another一个接一个（强调动作的重复）n. +by +n.: 一个接一个（强调动作的变化）tree after tree/day by day11. say “hi” to sb.Please remember me to sb.向“某人”问好 Send my regards to sb.Send the best wishes to sb.12. 主+be +adj. +to do: 不定式一般用主动式，与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词时，则应在其后加上适
10、当的介词。主+be +adj. +to do= It be +adj.+ (for/of sb) +to do stheg. This question is difficult to answer.=Its difficult to answer the question.2008 高考英语知识串讲 - 2 - 作者： 胡晓凌The man is hard to work with.=Its hard to work with the man.当不定式用作定语时，与其所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语为该动作的执行者时，也常常用主动形式。Eg. He wants water to d
11、rink.She has a room to live in.I will go to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there?二、语法专题冠词的考点1. 考查冠词的一些基本用法，例如：复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词；the+单数名词表类指；a/an+单数名词表泛指。2. 考查冠词的习惯用法。如：in case of fire, be wounded in the leg, on the telephone, leave college 等。3. 考查冠词的活用。如：抽象名词的具体化，a success; a/
12、an+专有名词表泛指，an Edison。4. 考查零冠词的用法。三、题型归纳结构型单项填空结构型试题常表现在句子中某些成分的省略、标点符号的出现、倒装或插入其他成分使前后分离等，从而引起句子结构的变化，扰乱对句子的判断。1. 有省略的复合句。由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略，导致对不定式作状语产生误解。2. 标点符号的影响。由于受汉语习惯的影响，往往会因为句子中的标点符号，弄错句子的结构。3. 插入语的影响。有些句子由于中间插入了某些成分，而使句子显得支离破碎，造成对句子结构的误解。4. 倒装句型的基本结构：(1)完全倒装；(2)部分倒装：1）在特殊疑问句和一般疑问句中；2）s
13、o/neither/nor+do/be/have/情态动词主语；3）当虚拟语气的条件从句中省略 if 时，were, had, 和 should应置于句首，采用倒装结构；4）表示祝愿的句子：may+主语+ 动词原形； 5）as, though 引导让步状语从句时：提前部分+as+主语+谓语动词；6）表示否定意义的副词、介词短语和连词词组置于句首；7）当not until+时间状语从句置于句首时，主句应采用倒装结构，而从句仍用正常语序；8）not onlybut also连接两个句子时，第一个句子采用倒装结构，第二个句子不采用倒装结构；9）no soonertham, hardlywhen, s
14、carcelywhen都表示“一就” ，强调过去的两个动作接连发生，当 no sooner, hardly 和scarcely 置于句首时，主句常把 had 置于主语之前，采用倒装结构，但从句不倒装。 10）only+副词/介词短语/宾语/时间状语从句置于句首时，常采用倒装，但 only+主语则不应采用倒装；11）在so/suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，将so+adj./adv.或 such 置于句首时，其主句常采用倒装结构。5. 强调句型，感叹句，并列句的应用。6. 独立主格结构。1) n+to do; 2) n+doing; 3) n+done; 4)n+prep.+n.; 5) n
15、+adj/adv; 6)n+n; 7) with+n+to do/doing/done/adj/adv/prep+n.1. He said he would do what he could_ us.A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped2. He spent all the money he had_ that dictionary.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought3. There are more than three thousand students in my school, most of_ from
16、the country.A. that B. which C. whom D. them4. It is his cleverness, not his strenth, _ defeated his rival.A. that B. which C. what D. who5. The way you think of_ our living conditions sounds reasonable.A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. improvement6. I feel strongly that whatever you_ matter
17、to me.A. dont B. do doesnt C. dont do D. doesnt do7. Is this school_ you studied in two years ago?A. that B. when C. it D. the one8. Please tell me the way thought of_ the garden.A. take care of B. to take care ofC. taking care of D. how to take care of9. Mr Wang was much disappointed to see the was
18、hing machine he had had_ went wrong again.A. it repaired B. to be repaired C. repaired D. repairing10. We will do everything we can_ our city.A. to save B. save C. saving D. saved11. The air quality in Beijing as well as in the neighboring cities we once spent much time_ better and better.A. in gett
19、ing B. having got C. in is gettingD. has got12. Who did the teacher, as well as the monitor, _ an article for the wall newspaper?A. has write B. has written C. have write D. have written13. What do you consider_ to her?A. to happen B. happening C. happened D. happens14. Mr Reed made up his mind to d
20、evote all he had to_ some schools for poor children.A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up15. To his joy, the day he looked forward to_ at last?A. coming B. come C. came D. have come16. How long do you think it is_ she arrived here?A. when B. that C. before D. since一、Language points
21、1. owe sb sth=owe sth to sb:欠某人某物owe sth to sb/sth: 将归功于owing to: 由于thanks to/because of/due t o2. think highly/poorly/little/a lot +of sb/sthspeak highly/well/badly +of sb/sthsing high praise for sb/sth3. apologize to sb for (doing) sthmake an apology to sb for (doing) sthexcuse sb for (doing) sthf
22、orgive sb for (doing) sthpardon sb for (doing) sth4. make an impression on sbhave an impression of sthimpress sth on/upon ones mind5. serve in the armyon the officeserve the people/the dishserve sb with sth=serve sth to sbserve as the chairman6. make jokes about: 取笑， 拿开玩笑make a joke aboutlaugh at: 嘲
23、笑have a joke with sb: 开某人的玩笑play a joke on sb=play tricks on sb: 戏弄in joke: 闹着玩，开玩笑2008 高考英语知识串讲 - 3 - 作者： 胡晓凌7. to doIts time+ for sthFor sb to do sthThat-clause（一般过去时）8. the one/ones:替代同类事物中特指一个或一些one: 替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个，表泛指it: 指上文提到的同一个事物that: 替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不可数名词9. none: 用来回答 how many/how much 引导的问
24、句，常与 of 连用no one: 只能指人，用来回答 who 引导的问句neither: 两者都不，表单数nothing: 用于指物，用来回答 what 引导的问句10. cloth 布 (u.): a piece of cloth表示某种特殊用途的布块（桌布）：Wipe up the water with a cloth.clothes: 衣服，服装。是一个没有单数形式的复数名词：A suit of clothes 注：不能直接用数词修饰，但可用 many, few, his, my, thse 之类的词修饰，作主语时谓语动词用复数。clothing: 服装，衣着。是一个无复数形式的物质名
25、词，除衣服外，还包括幌子，手套，鞋袜之类的东西，作主语时谓语动词用单数。A piece of clothing, an artcle of clothingdress: 指穿在外面的衣服，尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙。suit: 成套的衣服。11. live: 活着，有生命的(作定语，主要用来指鸟或其他动物)，实况直播的lively: 活泼的，有生气的，生动的alive: 活着的，还有气儿的，是表语形容词，在句中作表语或后置定语living: 活着，健在的，现行的12. receive: 收到，接到( 客观动作) ；accept: 接受，领受(主观意愿)接受教育、惩罚、支持，遭受不幸，
26、接待客人：只用 receive接受某条件、建议：只用 accept13. turn+adj: 常表示从某种状态向其他状态变化的自然现象The weather has turned much colder.go+adj: 常表示由好变坏的情况： The milk went wrong/bad.become+adj: 强调施动者的作用或变化的结果Please dont get e+adj: 一般表示向好的方面变化。My dream has come true.14. 含有插入语的疑问句：What do you think has happened to him?How do you suppose
27、 the film will end?Why do you believe he is unfit for the office?15. 主从复合句的反意疑问句：疑问部分根据主句确定，但是主句的主语是 I/we, 谓语是 think /suppose /believe /hope /imagine /expect /guess /know /feel /be sure /be told 时，疑问部分根据从句确定，否定转移时，疑问部分用肯定语气。She think it is a good idea, doesnt she?I think it is a good idea, isnt it?I
28、 dont think it is a good idea, is it?二、语法专题代词的考点1. 不定代词： (1)all, any, none, both, either, neither; (2)another, other, the other, others, the others; (3)复合不定代词：someone, anyone, everyone, no one; something, anything, everything, nothing.2. it 的用法：(1)it 作实意代词，代替日期、时间、季节、距离；代替身份不明的人，心目中的人和事以及代替上文已提到的或下文
29、将要提到的人、物或某种情况；代替指示代词this, that。(2)it 作引导词：作形式主语和形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词和从句；it 用于强调句型。3. 替代词 one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those 的用法。4. 人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格的区别，反身代词则要注意和主语一致。第 4 讲一、Language points1. sthsth for sthprepare+ for sthto do sthbe prepared forbe prepared to do sthmake preparations for2. They tied
30、for first place in the game.We tied with the visiting team in the basketball match.The dog is tied to a tree.3. affect vt. 影响effect n. 效果，作用have a good/bad effect onin effect 事实上cause and effect 因果take effect 生效，起作用come into effect 生效，实行effort n. 努力without effort 毫不费力make every effort 尽一切努力spare no
31、effort 不遗余力3. weigh vt. 称 的重量vi. 重达， 重量为 put on weightlose weightby weightin meters/pounds/caloriesby the day/the week/the yard/the dozen/the ton4. in参加比赛compete+ with/against与竞赛/竞争for角逐，为获取而竞赛5. Where there is a river, there is a city.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is life, there
32、 is hope.6. do sthnot do sthdo sth than do sthwould rather+ =would do sth rather than do sth=prefer to do sth rather than do sththat-clause+ did表现在或将来had done表过去7. do damage to sthlive ones dreamin ruins/in piecesunder attack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment8. almost: 差距比 nearly 小。可与
33、never, no, no one, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等否定词连用，但2008 高考英语知识串讲 - 4 - 作者： 胡晓凌不能与 not 连用。nearly: 不可与上述否定词连用，但可与 not 连用，构成Notnearly, 意为 “远非，远不及”二、语法专题形容词和副词的考点1. 形容词和副词的辨析：一般无规律可循，只能在于平常时多积累。我们应注意这几点：(1)分清形容词和副词各自的语法功能，即形容词常用作定语，而副词常用作状语；(2)掌握具体的形容词、副词的基本含义和语法功能。如 therefore 意为“所以” ，在句中起关联作用。(3
34、)有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加-ly，意义不太相同，应加以分辨。常见的有：close 接近closely 仔细地，密切地；high 高highly 高度地；free 免费freely 自由地，自如地；late 晚，迟lately 近来；deep 深deeply深刻地，深入地；near 邻近nearly 几乎； hard 努力地hardly 几乎不；most 最mostly 主要地；wide 宽阔widely 广泛地；easy 从容地easily 容易地(4)有些副词与形容词的词形完全相同。换言之，有些词同时兼有形容词和副词两种词性。常见的有：early
35、, straight, slow, enough, fast, hard, long, firm 等。2. 形容词和副词的词序：(1)enough 用作形容词修饰名词时，可前可后；用作副词修饰形容词或副词时，只能位于之后。例：enough time/time enough; strong enough。(2)形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置，something important。(3)as, how, so, too 修饰单数名词时，其词序为：as/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.，too large a room; how interesting a film; Mike is
36、 as clever a boy as Tom。(4)such 修饰单数名词时，其词序为：such+a/an+adj.+n.，such a large room; 但名词前是 one, some, many, all, no 等修饰时，其词序为：one/some/many/all/no+such+adj.+n.。(5)多个形容词作定语时的词序为：县官行令宴国才限定词描绘性形容词大小、长短、高低等形容词新旧颜色国家、地区材料用途被修饰名词。限定词包括：前位限定词，如：倍数词、分数词及 all, both, half, double 等；中位限定词，如：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、所有格及 some
37、, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, much, whose 等；后位限定词，如：基数词，序数词及 little(表示少)， few, last, next, other, another, more, less, most, several, least, plenty of 等不定量代词；限定词的排列顺序：前位中位后位中心词。(6)倍数的表示法：A is n times bigger than B.as big asthe size ofJohn has five times as many books as mine.3. 形容
38、词和副词的比较等级：(1)当 AB 时，比较级than(2)当 AB，且 B 包含 A 时He is older than any of the other boys(=any other boy) in his class.当 AB，但 B 不包含 A 时He is richer than any of the people here.Im taller than any student of your class.(3)比较级and比较级：表示自身的变化The比较级， the比较级：表示随之变化。(4)“否定词谓语比较级”相当于最高级Ive never seen a nicer bird
39、than this one.How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.(5)常见的无比较级、最高级的形容词和副词有：cpmparative(ly), relative(ly), particular(ly), special(ly), excellent(ly), extreme(ly), perfect(ly), complete(ly)等。(6)more+原级+than: 与其说不如说。(7)可以修饰比较级的副词有：any, even, far, much, rather, still, yet, a bit,
40、 a little, a lot, by far, 但不可加 very, many, more, fairly, quite(但 quite better 除外) 。4. 形容词和副词的成分区别：(1)不能作定语的形容词(大多数以 a 开头) ：afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, ill, well, 若要作定语，则分别改用 frightened, similar, living, lone, shy, sleeping, waking, sick, healthy; 有时这些形容词也可以作定语，但一般作后置定语。(2)作状
41、语一般用副词，但有时形容词可作伴随状语。He hurried home, full of fear./ All men all created equal.三、题型归纳语境、语境语法型单项填空在题干上附加一些语言信息，将词法、句法等知识融入到语境之中，使试题语境化，其特点是：如果单独看空白和选项，各个选项都是正确的。然而，将题干和选项联系起来考虑，就只有一个最佳选项。常见的题型有：(1)对话语境；运用对话语境命题是高考的一种趋势，应该正确理解对话双方的语气、时态、语态，从而确定正确的选项；(2)句中的语境：有些试题选项中的一个或几个好像都适用这个问题，但是，根据句子的语境的意义，就可判断出只有
42、一个是最佳答案；(3)动词的时态和语态，情态动词及语气，形容词和副词的级。1. -Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty?-Mom, I_ my store room downstairs.A. cleaned B. have cleaned C. was cleaning D. have been cleaning2. -I think Gorge doesnt really care for TV plays.-Right, _ he still watches the program.A. and B. but C. or D. so3. If you cant
43、 come tomorrow, well_ have to hold the meeting next week.A. yet B. even C. rather D. just4. Im going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything_ to your brother there?A. to take B. to be taken C. taken D. take5. We are sure everything here_ by the time you come back from abroad in a few years.A. had
44、changed B. will have changedC. had been changed D. will have been changed6. Hello, you_ 323-65668. Im sorry but Im unable to answer your call right now.A. reached B. are reaching C. have reachedD. had reached7. The meeting is not over, and you_ not leave.A. will B. shall C. may D. need8. Had I learn
45、t English well, I_ the interview for the job tomorrow.A. would take B. would have taken C. shall take D. could be taken9. Bob is_ honest boy, and he wont tell lies.A. most B. the most C. a most D. very much10. With the doctors treatment, Sally feels_ better now.A. very B. fairly C. so D. quite11. Th
46、ough the ship sunk, all the people on her_ be resuced.A. could B. should C. had to D. were able to12. We will all appreciate_ you can come to join us in developing my hometown.A. that if B. it if C. it that D. that when2008 高考英语知识串讲 - 5 - 作者： 胡晓凌13. _ he said to us yesterday_ true?A. What can, was B
47、. That can, wasC. Can what, be D. Can that, be14. He told me that he would remember the days in Beijing University forever_ he got much help there from Professor Zhu.A. where B. which C. that D. when15. _ is what he did, not what he said, that moved us greatly.A. It B. This C. Which D. As第 5 讲一、Lang
48、uage points1. sth：与一致 /符合sb：同意某人with ones idea/opinion 同意某人的意见what sb said (观点，所说的话)to ons plan/arrangement/suggestionagree 同意某人的计划、安排、意见about/on/upon sth 同意做某事to do sththat-clause2. of/about sth 提醒remind sb to do sththat-clause 使人回忆起3. addto：把加上(在)add to=increase：增添，增进add up (to)：加(起来是)，总计达4. success n.(U)成功，(C)成功者/ 事succeed v. successful a. successfully ad.be successful in (doing) sthsucceed in doing sth 成功做某事have success in doing sthSb/sth is a succ
