1、考研英语增词法运用实例 1: Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens. (1994) 伽利略最光辉的业绩是他在1609 年首次把新发明的望远镜瞄准天空。 修辞连贯性增词, 将glory 增译为“光辉的业绩”。,2 “In short, ”a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was
2、largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”( 1994) 新学派的一位领军人坚称: “简而言之, 我们所谓的科学革命, 主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用, 这些改进、发明和使用使科学在各方面都得到拓展。”重复性增词, 根据汉语表达习惯, 重复了“这些改进、发明和使用”; direction 的复数形式译作“各方面”。,3: The behavioral scienc
3、es have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. ( 2002) 行为科学之所以变化缓慢, 部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的, 部分原因是其他各种解释一直难以找到。 连贯性增词, 增添汉语黑体字部分,使句式语气连贯。,4: There will be television chat sho
4、ws hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. ( 2001) 将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车, 一旦这些汽车排污超标( 违规) , 监控器就会使其停驶。 增添汉语黑体字部分动词、名词, 以使句子意思完整通顺。,5: Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specia
5、lized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (2000) 在现代条件下, 这需要程度不同的中央控制, 因而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。,1. Histories make men wise; poetry witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 1. 读史使人明智, 读诗使人灵秀, 数学使人周密, 科学使人深刻, 伦理使人
6、庄重,逻辑、修辞之学使人善辩。( 重复性增词, 增添谓语、宾语。),3. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 3. 勇敢过度, 即成蛮勇; 感情过度, 即成软弱; 俭约过度, 即成贪婪。( 重复性增词,增添谓语。),4. We wont retreat, we never have and never will. 4. 我们不会后退, 我们从来没有后退过,将来也决不后退。( 增词译出时态, 重复动词。) 5. When she came to, she saw smiling
7、faces around her. 5. 她苏醒过来时, 看见周围一张张笑脸。( 增添量词。),6. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 6. 主人又是切肉, 又是倒茶, 又是上菜,又是切面包, 谈啊, 笑啊, 敬酒啊, 忙个不停。( 增添宾语、语气词, 以及概括性的词语。),7. This camera is easy to operate, versatile compact and has a pleasing modern design. 7. 这种照相机操作简便
8、, 功能齐全, 结构紧凑, 而且造型美观、新潮。( 连贯性增词) 8. The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity. 8. 瞳孔随光线的强弱变化而缩小或放大。( 逻辑性增添。),9. Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 9. 与其说海洋分隔了世界, 不如说它连接了世界。( 增添连接词、主语。) 10. The planet we live on is not just a ball of inert material. 10. 我们居住的星球并不
9、仅仅是一个由惰性物质组成的球体。( 增添必要的说明。),省略Omission,省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。,有时原文中的词汇冗余，有语义重复的现象，在翻译时往往采用省词译法或合词译法。 He is a man of culture and learning. 他是个很有学问的人。 I hate all these hustle and bustle. 我讨厌这种拥挤不堪的场面。,语义减词,Neither party shall cancel the contract without suff
10、icient cause or reason. 双方均不得无故解除合同。 To our knowledge, advertisement and commercials do many important things for society; they convey business information, facilitate communication and help keep the business world moving. 据我们所知，广告在社会中起着重要的作用：传递商品信息，促进交流，使商界正常运作。,有时英文或中文文本对某个意义使用两个或两个以上的词语表示，而在对应的中文
11、或英文中只有一个，这时只能省略一个。英汉语中都有对偶同义词，通常采用省略法处理。 1. Burning or combustion is the process of uniting a fuel or combustible with the oxygen in the air. 燃烧就是将燃料和空气中的氧气混合的过程。,2. The medfly (Mediterranean fruit fly) is one of the worlds most dangerous pests, being a threat to 400 types of vegetables and fruits.
12、地中海果蝇是世界上最危险的害虫之一，对400多种蔬菜、水果构成威胁。,英译汉时，为了使译文简洁不拖沓，取得好的修辞效果，有时省略原文中不必要的词汇，而用中文中的四字成语来翻译。 These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 这些发展中国家，地大物博，人口众多。,修辞减词,So fine was the morning except for a streak of wind here and there that th
13、e sea and the sky looked all one fabric, as if sails were stuck high up in the sky, or the clouds had dropped down into the sea. 清晨晴朗，微风徐徐，水天一色，征帆如插高天，浮云似坠海底。,语法减词 由于汉英两种语言的特色，它们的语法差异不仅涉及量词与虚词的不同用法，同时也和时态、搭配、单复数以及句型有关。这种差异会导致翻译中的删减。 But its the way I am, and try as I might, I am not able to change i
14、t. 但我就是这个脾气，虽几经努力，却未能改变。,Omission of pronoun,1. 在英语中，代词充当主语的情况相当多。为了使译文前后的句子意思紧凑，避免重复用词，汉语习惯采用无主句，其主语就是前面的代词。 1） He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去痛苦不堪的样子（一副可怜相）。,2.英语中的泛指人称代词作主语时，常常可以省略，翻译成无主句。 As you come into the room, youll notice a piano. 一进房间门，就会看见一台钢琴。 One can never b
15、e too careful in ones work. 工作越仔细越好。,Fight when you can win; move away when you cannot win. 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day. 一周有七天，一天有24小时。,That dress was so expensive that I couldnt afford to buy it. 那件衣服很贵，我买不起。 How are you feeling today？ 今天感觉怎么样？,3. 作宾语的代词,翻译时也可以省略. Gatherin
16、g facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings this is all work of science. 收集事实并加以论证，提出理论并加以检验，以及归纳整理研究成果这全都是科学工作的内容。,物主代词在英语中出现的频率非常高，翻译时完全可以省略他们。 He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast upon his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天,一句话不说。 So the trai
17、n came, he pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mothers neck and then was away. 火车来了，他爱抚地捏了一下小妹妹，用两条巨大的胳膊搂了一下母亲的脖子，然后走了。,5. “It” 作代词时，也常常可以省略。 Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面漆黑一团，下着瓢泼大雨。Who is it？ Its me 是难呀？是我。 Is it far to the station？
18、No，its quite near火车站远吗？不远，很近。,It 用于强调句中，没有实际意义，也要省略。 It is only shallow people who judge by appearances. 只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。 It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own home. 他费了不少劲才找到家。,英语中引导主语从句、宾语从句和同谓语从句的引导词that在英译汉时必须省略。用来引导限制性定语的关系代词在译文中亦通常省略。 There was a hooker who met an old man,
19、and said,“Give me twenty dollars. Ill do anything (that) you want.” “Okay,” he said, taking out a twenty-dollar bill. “Paint my house”. 有一个妓女遇到一位老人，并对他说：“给我20美元，我愿做任何你想要的事。” “好啊，”他掏出一张20美元的纸钞，说道：“油漆我的屋子。”,省略引导词和关系代词,III. Omission of conjunction,英语重形合Hypotaxis，词与词，短语之间，句子之间的关系，主要通过连词表达；而汉语重意合Parataxi
20、s，词与词之间靠顺序体现，句子之间的关系也往往通过句序体现。翻译时，可以根据实际情况省略连词。 He did not sleep much, but when he did he dreamed of beautiful princesses, splendid castles, and gold and silver. 他没睡多久，要是一入睡便梦到如花似玉的公主，梦到富丽堂皇的城堡，梦到黄金，梦到白银。,Take the whole into consideration, but do the job bit by bit 大处着眼，小处着手。 The soft can overcome t
21、he hard, and the weak can defeat the strong 柔能克刚，弱能制强。,It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in May. I was delighted when, as a result of the effort of your company, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 原打算五月份访华，后不得不推迟，深感失
22、望。由于贵公司的努力，访问这么快得以重新安排，非常高兴。,One more step and you are a dead man. 再走一步，你就死定了。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship. 沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。,Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 If I had k
23、nown this beforehand, I would not have gone back. 早知如此，我就不回去了。,While there is life, there is hope. 有生命就有希望。 When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. 一个十八岁的姑娘离家出门，她的遭遇不外乎两种。 I stepped aside so that he could go in. 我让到一旁让他进去。,IV. Omission of the Articles,The article is the
24、hallmark of English. However, we do not have the articles in Chinese. The fox may grow gray, but never good. 狐狸会变老，但是不会变好。 The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮从海边慢慢升起。,A teacher should have patience in his work. 当老师的应当有耐心。 Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into the same g
25、roup. 物以类聚，人以群分。,英语冠词有特指的意义，翻译成汉语时一般不省略。,如果英语不定冠词表达“一”这个意思，则不能省略。 Rome wasnt built in a day. 罗马不是一天建成的。 I have two brothers and a sister. 我有两个兄弟，一个姊妹。,V. Omission of preposition,Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所禁止吸烟。 Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. 该国各地怨声载道。 Rumours
26、 had already spread along the streets and lanes. 各种流言传遍了大街小巷。,表示时间的介词常常省略 I left this city on the afternoon of July the 6th. 七月六号下午我离开了这座城市。 On the early morning of the 10th, there was a big fire here. 十日清晨，这里发生了一场大火灾。,但是，动词后的介词一般不省略。 She hid behind the door. 她躲在门背后。 He was born in a small town in s
27、outhern Germany. 他出生在德国南部的一个小镇。The post office is at the fourth intersection from here. 邮局在从这里数起的第四个十字路口。,VI. Omission of verbs,When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 We are happy that you have got well 你病好了，我们很高兴。 （省略联系动词are和have got，在“高兴”前加“很”字，并将原文第二个谓语译成主谓结构） He has
28、 grown old. 他老了。（省略联系动词has grown）,Omission of clauses,Part-time job hunters who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not. 寻找业余工作者，有工作经验者优先聘用。 There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 没有下雪，但已叶落草枯。,有的句子成分可有可无，完全直译反而显得罗嗦，还是省略为好。 So Mr. Osbo
29、rne, having a firm conviction in his own mind that he was a woman-killer and destined to conquer 奥斯本先生自信是风月场上的能手，注定要征服那些小姐太太们（若译成：奥斯本先生在他自己的脑子里有一个坚定的信心则会十分臃肿。）,She curtseyed again, and would have blushed deeper, if she could have blushed deeper than she had blushed all the time. 她又行了一个屈膝礼，她的脸一直涨得绯红，
30、所以不可能涨得更红了。,SONNET 18 William Shakespeare Shall I compare thee to a summers day？ 我欲将你比作美丽夏天？ 我欲将你比作美丽夏天？ Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 你比夏天更温柔更娇艳。 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 五月幼嫩蓓蕾狂风吹颤， 五月幼嫩蓓蕾狂风吹颤， And summers lease hath all too short a date: 夏天的季节又委实太短。And summers leas
31、e hath all too short a date:,Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, 有时上苍巨眼喷射烈焰， 有时上苍巨眼喷射烈焰， And often is his gold complexion dimmd; 他金色的面容常变阴暗。 And every fair from fair sometime decline, 华美之物难免衰败黯淡， 华美之物难免衰败黯淡， By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd; 实机缘或自然变化使然。 实机缘或自然变化使然。,But thy ete
32、rnal summer shall not fade, 但你永恒之夏色彩斑斓， 但你永恒之夏色彩斑斓， Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst; 丝毫无损你所有的芳颜。 丝毫无损你所有的芳颜。 Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, 死神拒你在其影中盘桓， 死神拒你在其影中盘桓， When in eternal lines to time thou growst; 日月同辉你在永恒诗篇。 日月同辉你在永恒诗篇。,So long as men can breathe or eyes can s
33、ee, 只要一息尚存双眼可见， 只要一息尚存双眼可见， So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 此诗不磨将你生命续延。 此诗不磨将你生命续延。,SONNET 18 William Shakespeare Shall I compare thee to a summers day？ 怎可将汝比夏天？ Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 汝比夏天更温婉。 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 五月娇蕊风吹断， And summers leas
34、e hath all too short a date: 夏季风情何其短！,Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, 灼灼日光照苍天， And often is his gold complexion dimmd; 金色面庞常暗淡。 And every fair from fair sometime decline, 天道无常云舒卷， By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd; 世间妩媚终凋残。,But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 汝有夏天永安恬， No
35、r lose possession of that fair thou owst; 满园群芳长娇艳， Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, 不朽诗行永相伴， When in eternal lines to time thou growst; 死神对此空喟叹。So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, 只要人类睁眼看， So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 此诗与汝共璀璨。（七言打油版）,The Tiger William Blak
36、e（1757-1827） 老 虎 Tiger! Tiger! burning bright 老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌， In the forests of the night, 烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽， What immortal hand or eye 什么样非凡的手和眼睛 Could frame thy fearful symmetry? 能塑造你一身惊人的匀称？,In what distant deeps or skies 什么样遥远的海底、天边 Burnt the fire of thine eyes? 烧出了做你眼睛的火焰？ On what wings dare he aspire?
37、跨什么翅膀它胆敢去凌空？ What the hand dare seize the fire? 凭什么铁掌抓一把火种？,And what shoulder, and what art, 什么样功夫，什么样胳膊 Could twist the sinews of thy heart? 拗得成你五脏六腑的筋络？ And when thy heart began to beat, 等到你的心一开始蹦跳， What dread hand and what dread feet? 什么样惊心动魄的手、脚？,What the hammer? What the chain? 什么样铁链？什么样铁锤？ In
38、what furnace was thy brain? 什么样熔炉里炼你的脑髓？ What the anvil? What dread grasp 什么样铁砧？什么样猛劲 Dare its deadly terrors clasp? 一下子掐住了骇人的雷霆？,When the stars threw down their spears, 到临了，星星扔下了金枪， And waterd heaven with their tears, 千万滴银泪洒遍了苍穹， Did He smile His work to see? 完工了再看看，他可会笑笑？ Did He who made the Lamb
39、make thee? 不就是造羊的把你也造了？,Tiger! Tiger! burning bright 老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌， In the forests of the night, 烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽， What immortal hand or eyes 什么样非凡的手和眼睛 Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? 能塑造你一身惊人的匀称？,The Tiger Tiger, tiger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame th
40、y fearful symmetry? 夜半山林猛虎卧 目似星燃燎原火 何等神眼同妙手 铸尔骇人身形硕,In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire? 于彼海天遥深处 熔汝双瞳置洪炉 背生灵翼敢踌躇 爪攥烈焰岂惧殊,And what shoulder and what art Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart beg
41、an to beat, What dread hand? And what dread feet? 肩负缪斯垂青意 可壮雄心不复疑 方闻悸动重再起 不寒而栗手足惕,What the hammer? What the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? 铁锤击兮铁链捆 洪炉脑颅共销魂 铁砧卧兮铁心吞 惊惧恐怖皆消瞬,When the stars threw down their spears And watered Heaven
42、with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? 而时群星掷剑戟 天庭满布珠泪沥 喜笑颜开佳妙艺 抟土为羊亦造你 tun,Tiger, tiger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? 夜半山林猛虎卧 目似星燃燎原火 何等神眼同妙手 铸尔骇人身形硕,The Beauty of Britain J. B. Pri
43、estley 英伦之美 J. B. 普里斯特莱,（1）I suspect that we are always, faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round the corner. 英国是一个岛国，处在大海的怀抱里，可是对这一点我们却总是漫不经心。 视角转换(shift of perspective)和减词(omission) ：原文中with引导的伴随状语在译文中通过视角转换变成了动词短语，语态也发生了变化；译文与原文相比，句序也有很大的调整，英文中it作形式主
44、语的句子翻成中文，往往把真正的主语提前，再用指示代词翻译“it“，如译文中的“这一点“；原文中“I suspect that“和“smallish“ 被省略，因为前者不具有实际的意义，而后者的意思将在译句3中体现（亦算“词序调整“）。,（2）We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small space. 我们知道在一个小小的空间里一切都得巧加安排。 减词和视角转换：英文中引导宾语从句的“that“在中文中被省略；原文中是被动语态，在译文中译成了主动语态。,（3）Nature, we feel, has carefully
45、adjusted things-mountains, plains, rivers, lakes-to the scale of the island itself. 大自然仿佛为英国精心摆布了她的江山，把山脉、平原、河流和湖泊装点在一个小小的岛国之中。 减词，具体化和增词：译文中省略了“we“和“itself“;将原文中的“things“具体化为“江山“；为加强修辞效果，增加了“小小的“来修饰“岛国“，似乎也正好补上了原句1中 “smallish“之含义。,（4）A mountain 12,000 feet high would be a horrible monster here, as
46、wrong as a plain 400 miles long, a river as broad as the Mississippi. 一座一万二千呎高的山脉在英国犹如一个巨大的魔鬼，而如果将一块四百英里长的平地，或者将一条象密西西比河一样宽阔的河流摆在英国也必定是造物错铸了山河。 视角转换，具体化，增词和专有名词/音译：英语中定语的位置可前可后，而中文的修饰词往往放在被修饰词的前面，所以英译中的时候，词序调整必不可少，该句中的“山脉“，“平地“和“河流“就是很典型的例子；原文中的“here“在译文中具体化为“在英国“；译文中还增加了“如果“和“或者“之类的词，使译文行文更为流畅；“密西西
47、比河“的翻译属于专有名词的翻译，遵循了音译的方法。,（5）Though the geographical features of this island are comparatively small, and there is astonishing variety almost everywhere, that does not mean that our mountains are not mountains, our plains not plains. 虽然这个岛国没有显著的地理特征，但是几乎处处都有着令人惊叹的地形地貌。英伦虽小，但她的山脉仍然是山脉，她的平原仍然是平原。 视角转换
48、，具体化和切分：原文though引导的让步状语从句的翻译使用了视角转换的技巧；将原文中variety具体化为“地形地貌“；that后面的部分被独立译为一个句子，其中使用了增词（“英伦虽小“）、视角转换（反说正译）和重复。,1）So it is always when the mind is troubled among happy things, and then one almost wishes they could share ones troubles and become more real with it. 2）It seemed on that Sunday that a gol
49、den age had lasted till yesterday, and that the earth had still to learn the news of its ending. 3）And this change had come, not by the will of God, not even by the will of man, but because some few men far away were afraid to be open and generous with each other. 4）There was a power in their hands
50、so great that it frightened them.5）There was a spring that they knew they must not touch, and, like mischievous and nervous children, they had touched it at last, and now all the world was to suffer for their mischief. 6）So the next morning one saw a reservist in his uniform saying goodbye to his wi
51、fe and children at his cottage-gate and then walking up the hill that leads out of the valley with a cheerful smile still on his face. 7）There was the first open sign of trouble, a very little one, and he made the least of it; and, after all, this valley is very far from any possible war, and its harvest and its vintage of perry and cider will surely be gathered in peace.（2001）,
