1、,并列句,由并列连词连接两个或更多的简单句称为并列句。,并列连词: (一)平行关系:Eg: Neither you nor he is wrong .They can both read English and speak it well. He not only had read the book but also remembered what he had read.,and , as well as , bothand , not onlybut also , neithernor 等,1、 and:连接两个同等概念。 1) and 连接并列的两个人或事物,在肯定句中用and,在否定句
2、中用 or 。They can sing and dance.They can hardly see or hear. 2) 在双重否定句中,有时状语成分的并列用and,但并列成分出现在主句中,用or 不用and .Man cant live without air and water .Without gravity, there would be no air or sound of any kind .,3) 可以连接表示条件和结果的句子。A 祈使句 , and + 陈述句。Work hard , and you will succeed .B 名词(词组),and + 陈述句。One
3、more effort ,and you will succeed . 注意:表“否则”,用or,or else 或 otherwise 。Hurry up , or you wont catch the train .Hurry up or else youll be late .Do it now . Otherwise it will be too late .,4) 两个关系十分密切的人或物用and连接可以看成一个意群或惯用词组。作主语时谓语用单数。Knife and fork is necessary for some foreigners to eat with .Bread an
4、d butter is what I like best .Early to bed and early to rise is a good habit .,二、转折关系: but, however, yet, still, nevertheless, while(对比)1、but : 连接意义相反的短语或句子He is very young but he knows a lot .1) 用在某些否定词后,表示“只”(前有 do 后无to ,前无do 后有to )She knows no one but you .He did nothing but sit there thinking.He
5、 had no choice but to lie down to sleep.,2) 表示“除了”Who but a fool would do such a thing ?Everybody is here but Paul . 3) Im sorry but .3、however : 可放句末,句首或句中,用逗号隔开。4、yet 作副词用,用于否定句表示“还”; 用于疑问句表示“已经” ;作连词表示“但是,却 ”。I havent enough data yet . Has he come yet ?I have failed, yet I shall try again .,5、 wh
6、ile 1) 表对比, “而”Tom is singing while Mary is dancing .2)引导让步状语从句,“虽然”While almost everybody knows him , nobody likes him .3) 引导时间状语从句,主句动作与从句动作同时发生,从句必须用延续性动词。She listened while he read .,三、选择关系: or, otherwise, or else, rather than,either or 1) or “或者,还是”Would you like coffee or tea ?The sea can be b
7、lue or green or grey .“否则” (见and 用法)rather than “而不是”It was what he meant rather than what he said.这是他的原意而不是他的原话。,补充: “宁愿而不愿”prefer to do sth rather than do sthprefer doing sth rather than doing sthor rather “更确切的说” Exercises :1) 我宁愿上学而不愿留在家。I prefer to go to school rather than stay at home .2)我宁愿走着
8、去而不愿坐公共汽车去。I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus .3)他宁愿做事不愿什么也不干。He preferred doing something to doing nothing .,四、因果关系:for(因为) , so, therefore, hence(所以) 1)for 表示对前面句子进行解释,不能放句首,常用逗号与前面分句隔开,也可以不用.because指直接原因,回答why的问题,常放在主句后面。as比because弱,表示显而易见的原因,常放在句首。since now that “既然”,常放句首。,1、他不来因为他病了。H
9、e is absent because he is ill . 2、由于你最大,你应该照顾其他人。As you are the oldest ,you should take care of the others. 3、既然大家都来了,咱们开会吧。Now that everybody is here, lets begin our meeting .4、鸟叫了,早晨来了。It is morning, for the birds are singing in the trees.,Exercises :1) His eyes were filled with tears.He didnt not
10、ice it . 2) Please start early. You can go there in time.3) She sings well. She dances beautifully .4) You dont like it . Your sister doesnt like it .,(but ),Start early, and you can get there in time.,Not only does she sing well ,but also she.,Neither you nor your sister likes it .,请用恰当的并列连词填空。,I d
11、ont agree with you, _ does my partner. Find out where they are going this evening _ask if we may join them. He was very seriously ill; _ doctors have almost given up hope of his recovery.They go to concerts of pop music _ they really like it. She cant hope to pass the exam in December, _ shell have
12、to wait till June.,nor/neither,and,therefore,for,so,6. He broke the rules of the school; _he had to leave. 7. _ is your answer wrong _ mine is. 8. You must work harder; _ you will be put into another class.,therefore,Not only,but also,otherwise,Learning English is not an easy job at all. First, you
13、must keep on listening to English materials every day, for listening is the basic part of English learning. Second, you should guarantee reading practice or you will get slow in the understanding of passages. Third, reciting in the morning is of great importance and its also good for to read loudly in the spare time. Fourth, writing is necessary; however, you dont have to write a lot so long as you learn the skills of every kind of writing. Whats more, you should keep calm when you meet difficulties and never give up. You should always remember that “No pains, no gains.”,