1、我叔叔的年龄比我大一倍。(as again as)这里的名牌香烟售价比正常价高一倍。(double)中国主要生猪出口省份湖南可望出口42万只瘦肉猪，为1985年的四倍。(quadruple)房价自1989年以来增加了三倍。(fold),My uncle is as old again as I am.The top-brand cigarettes are sold at double the normal price here.Hunan, Chinas leading live pig-exporting province, expects to export 420,000 lean-m
2、eat pigs, quadruple the figure for 1985.The value of the house has increased fourfold since 1989.,2+2=4 10-3=7 96=54 204=5 (17- 9 +65/5)-(43)=15,Two plus two equals four. Ten minus three is seven. Nine multiplied by six is fifty-four. Twenty divided by four is five. Seventeen minus the square root o
3、f nine, plus sixty-five over five, minus four times three, equals fifteen.,English Grammar (第四讲 动词和虚拟语气）,Unit 4 Verb and Subjunctive Mode,Im translating a poem. Hes listening to a song. It is my pen. Who can answer this question? When will you be free?,第四章 动词 Verb,动词,1.及物 动词,2.不 及物 动词,3.系 动词,4.助 动词,
4、5.情态 动词,Transitive Verbs (vt.) 2.Intransitive Verbs (vi.) Link Verbs (link-v) 4.Auxiliary Verbs (aux. v.) 5. Modal Verbs (mod. v.),动词的限定形式Finite Forms of Verbs,充当句子谓语,He talked with them in broken English.,动词的非限定形式Non-finite Forms of Verbs,动词的非限定形式 （Non-Finite Forms of Verbs),充当句子的 定语、 状语、 主语， 表语等成分
5、,动名词 Gerund不定式 Infinite现在分词 Present Participle过去分词 Past Participle,一、及物动词与不及物动词,-She smiles when she saw us. (vi.) -She smiled her thanks. (vt.),. 英语中的动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分，不及物动词没有宾语，而及物动词必须带宾语。,此类词有如：arrive, apologize, compete, complain, get , reply, agree, look, stare, graduate, etc.,易错为及物动词的不及物动词,-她因为迟
6、到向我道歉。,She apologized to me for coming late.,-我确实没有什么可抱怨的。 Ive really got nothing to complain of. -他向我抱怨伙食不佳。 He complained to me about the food.,有些及物动词由于受汉语的影响而被错当成不及物动词而带上介词。其实它们是及物动词，所以不需要跟介词，而应该直接跟宾语。,marry, accompany, approach, await, contact, consult, suit, excel, oppose, obey, attend, reach,
7、stand,2.He married with a classmate form high school.He married a classmate from high school.,1. She accompanied with her friend to the concert.She accompanied her friend to the concert.,易错为不及物动词的及物动词,2.有些及物动词需要一个宾语，但有些却需要双宾语，否则不能表达意义，通常需要跟双宾语的及物动词有：,bring, allow, assign, find, deny, fetch, hand, gr
8、ant, give, leave, lend, offer, make, order, pay, pass, send, return, sell, send, show, sing, teach, write, tell, throw, wish, telephone,etc.,She sent me a postcard.,间接宾语,直接宾语,双宾动词（Dual-Objective Verbs),1. 动词 +直接宾语 +to + 间接宾语,Ill leave painting the wall _ him. A. to B. for C. at D. by,(A),2. 动词 + 直接宾
9、语 + for +间接宾语,Richard made it _ me. A. to B. for C.at D. by,(B),反身动词 （ Reflexive Verbs),-I hope youll enjoy yourselves.,absent oneself from缺席 adapt oneself to 适应于 accustom oneself to使习惯于 avail oneself of 利用 lose oneself in入迷 break oneself of去掉习惯 content oneself with满足 oppose oneself to反对,-Why did yo
10、u absent from school yesterday?,改Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday? 或者 Why were you absent from school yesterday?,resign oneself to听任 help oneself to随意吃 pride oneself on以自豪 address oneself to着手 bend oneself to热忠于 charge oneself with 承担 confine oneself to局限于 present oneself at出席 disti
11、nguish oneself with因出名 perfect oneself in使自己精通于 apply oneself to致力于 devote oneself to致力于 throw oneself into投身于 dedicate oneself to致力于 addict oneself in沉溺于 indulge oneself in沉迷于 occupy oneself with从事于 engage oneself in从事于 dress oneself in穿着,I bite my nails. I must break _. the habit to me the habit w
12、ith myself myself of the habit of the habit myself,(C),后面常接 each other, one another,1. They embraced each other. 2. We have known one another since we were children.,相互动词 （ Reciprocal Verbs),有很多动词可以和一个介词或副词构成成语，或叫介词动词，意思和单一的动词差不多。,与介词搭配最频繁的动词主要有： break bring call come do get give go hand have hold t
13、urn take set see stand make look keep,成语动词 （ Phrasal Verbs),注：某些动词同介词连用，形式上像成语动词，但实际上不是的。,- John called from the office. - She left at 10 oclock.,二 系动词 （Link Verbs),表示特征、状态的动词，be, appear, feel, look, smell, taste等。,-His sister is a good violinist. - How sweet the music sounds!,B. 表示状态转变的动词，become, c
14、ome, drop, get, wear, work, grow等。,-It began to grow dark. -My dream has come true.,3.表示继续某种状态或性质的系动词，continue, hold, keep, lie, prove, remain, stand, stay等。,-The audience remain silent. - The weather is keeping fine.,三. 助动词,Be可构成进行时态和被动语态,Have可构成完成时态和完成进行时态,1. be 和have,2. do,构成疑问句 否定句 加强语气,3. shall
15、和will,构成将来时态； 在问句中，shall用在第一人称后，表示征求对方的意见。 而will用在第一、第二人称后，表示请求。,4. should,表示“应该，应当”； 用在虚拟语气中； 后跟完成时，表示揣测。,5. would,构成过去将来时； 表示过去习惯性的动作或倾向； 后跟完成式表示猜测。,四. 情态动词,can/ could may/might must/ought to need/ dare,“情态动词+ 动词完成式”的用法,1. can (could) + 动词完成式,此结构表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去未付诸实施的事情的惋惜之情。 In those circumstan
16、ces we could have done better. 或推测过去的某种行为。 Where can (could) she have gone?,2. may (might) + 动词完成式,此结构用于推测过去的行为。如： She said that she might have missed the plane. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.,3. must + 动词完成式,此结构表示对过去行为的推断，具有较大的可能性，为“一定，想必”. He must have gone through
17、a lot.,“must + 动词原形”表示对现在的推测。 “must + be + 现在分词”表示对未来或现在正在进行的推测。,She looks happy; she must be having a good time. It must be raining tomorrow according to the radio.,4. neednt + 动词完成式,此结构表示一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为。 你本来不必浇花的，因为天要下雨了。 You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.,但注意： “didnt ne
18、ed (have) to do”结构表示没有必要做某事，实际上也没有做。 我不必擦窗子，我妹妹擦过了。 I didnt need to clean the windows. My sister did it.,5. should + 动词完成式,此结构的肯定式表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。也可以表示推测，但肯能性较小。,You should have given her more help. He should have finished the work by now.,6. ought to + 动词完成式,此结构表示某种过去应该做而没有做的事情，或被忽略
19、未做的某种明智行为。 You ought to have returned the book earlier.,It _ around nine oclock when I drove back home because it was already dark. had to be B. was to be C. must have been D. must be,C,We _ him the news because he knew it already. told B. would have told C. neednt have told D. needed to tell,C,五、 词
20、形变化容易出错的动词,动词原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 fall跌落 fell fallen falling fell砍伐 felled felled felling find发现 found found finding found建立 founded founded founding lie躺 lay lain lying lie说谎 lied lied lying lay铺设 laid laid laying see看见 saw seen seeing saw锯 sawed sawed sawing,wind缠绕 wound wound wounding wound 受伤 wounde
21、d wounded wounding fly飞 flew flown flying flow流 flowed flowed flowing welcome欢迎 welcomed welcomed welcoming overcome克服overcame overcome overcoming hang悬挂 hung hung hanging hang绞死 hanged hanged hanging shine照耀 shone shone shining shine擦亮 shined shined shining bid出价 bid bid bidding bid吩咐 bade bade bid
22、ding,1.He is said to _ a cherry tree. A. have fallen B. have felled,2. A new submarine cable _between England and Holland. was lain B. was laid,3. Sweat and tears _ down her face. A. flew B. flowed,易混动词的区别和用法,1. accomplish, achieve, complete, finish,accomplish达到目的，强调“成功”。 achieve凭借努力获得成功，强调“努力”。comp
23、lete表示具体事物的完成，如建筑，工程和书籍等的完成，有“积极”的意思。finish和complete 通用，但finish 后接动名词，还有意思有点消极被动。 -We accomplished our trip in three days. - We have achieved great success during the 20 years reform. -The project will be completed soon. - Have you finish reading the novel?,2. win和defeat,win作及物动词意思为“赢得”，作不及物动词意思是“获胜
24、”。 -In that game, we won. - We won the game. 而defeat为“击败”后面跟人和队伍等，而不跟比赛的名称。 - We defeated them in that game. - We won them in that game. （误）,3. accuse，charge,accuse指责，指控，与of连用。语义比较尖锐，直截；但指控对方的事不一定是很严重的。例如：,They accused him of cheating in the exam.,charge控告，与with连用或与that从句连用。往往带有“正式法律控诉”的意味，一般用于较重的错误
25、或罪行。例如：,The manager was charged with jacking up prices and was put into prison.,The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _him of speeding.,(A)charged (B)accused (C)blamed (D)warned,B,4. adopt, adapt, adept,adopt (vt.)”采纳”,“收养”。例如：,Our teachers adopts the new method of teaching.,adapt (
26、vt.)”使适应“，”改写”。例如：,We should adapt ourselves to the new conditions.,adept(a.)”熟练的“，”精通的“。例如：,She is adept in music.,注1：be adept后面用in和at均可。,注2：当adopt表达：采取措施（measure)/采取态度（attitude)/采纳方法（method)等时用adopt，但是某公司“采用（employ)新人”，某书“采用（quote或reproduce）某篇文章”，则不用adopt。,When you go to a foreign country,you must
27、_ yourself to new manners and customs.,(A)adapt (B)adept (C)adopt (D)apt,A,5. affect, effect,affect (vt.)意思是 “使受到影响”；尤指不良影响。,The incident affected the relations between the two countries.,effect (vt. /n.)意思是“产生(影响)”；“效果”。例如：,The decision effected some improvement in their work.,The change has no eff
28、ect on him.,What you have done will not have _your fame.,(A)a good effect in (B)a good affect on (C)affected (D)a good effect on,D。have an effect on是个惯用短语， 对 有影响” 。,6. affect, influence,affect (vt.) “影响“；着重动作，暗示产生的影响如此强烈，以至能引起反应，有时只用来表示”使发生不良影响“。例如：,The sight affected her to tears.,Paralysis affecte
29、d his limbs.,麻木影响到他的四肢（运动）。,influence (vt.)”影响“，一般指一种不易觉察到的，潜移默化的影响，以至于在行动，思想，性格或行为等方面引起变化。例如：,They influenced public opinion through the press.,他们通过报界来影响公共舆论。,I was deeply _by their heroic deeds.,(A)affected (B)effected (C)influenced (D)influencing,C,7. accustom to, used to,be accustomed to表示“习惯于”的
30、意思，该结构中的to既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词。例如：,He is accustomed to reading/read aloud.,此外，accustom (vt.)还可以构成“accustom oneself to”的句型，意为“使习惯于” ，该结构中的to只能是介词。例如：,You must accustom yourself to reading aloud.,used to表示过去的习惯，to为不定式符号，后跟动词原形，只用于过去时。例如：,This is where I used to live.,此外，“be used to”也可以用于表示习惯，但该结构表示的是“现在习惯
31、于”，这里的to是介词。例如：,Since he cant afford to eat out every day,he has to _ himself to the hostel food.,(A)inhabit (B)dispose (C)accustom (D)adopt,C. “accustom oneself to”作“使习惯于”解。,8. assure, ensure,assure (vt.)”使相信，使放心“，指为别人解除某种顾虑，使别人相信儿作出承诺。后接人称代词或指人的名词，其结构为：assure sb. of sth.或assure sb. that从句。例如：,I ca
32、n assure you of his honesty.,I can assure you that he is safe now.,ensure (vt.)”保证“，后不能跟人，而要跟事物名词或抽象名词或动名词，表示对某种行为，结果有把握，其结构为：ensure sth.; ensure that从句；ensure doing sth.,We can ensure his safety.,I ensure doing the work well.,I ensure that the work shall be finished on time.,注1：ensure还可以表示“使安全，保护”，
33、结构为：ensure sb. from (against) sth.保护某人免受: He ensured the old man from being killed by the enemy. 还可以表示“保证给”，结构为：ensure to (for) sb. sth.保证给某人某东西。例如：I cannot ensure to (for) him everything be asked for.,注2: insure”保险“，指对人或物作经济上的保险，表示”给保险，以防时“，用insureagainst,不可用from。例如：,He has insured the building aga
34、inst fire and theft. (不可用from),Although he couldnt _ my success, he_me that he would give whatever help I needed.,(A)be ensured,assured (B)assured, ensured (C)assure, ensured (D)ensure, assured,D,9. attempt, try, endeavor,attempt (vt.)试图，常有消极含义，可带不定式作宾语，其同源名词往往用不定式作定语。例如：,The thief attempted to esca
35、pe. (His attempt to escape failed.),try(v.)努力，尝试。例如：,He tried hard to fix the radio.,endeavor (vt.)为达到目的而艰辛努力做（书面语），表示继续努力的认真程度比try强。例如：,He endeavored to win votes for his proposal.,He endeavored to attain his aim.,10. catch, seize, arrest, capture,arrest (vt.)逮捕，例如：,The criminal was arrested.,captu
36、re (vt.)俘获，例如：,All were captured during World War II.,那里的所有人是在二战期间被俘获的。,catch (vt.)抓住，赶上，例如：,Tom tried to catch a bus.,seize (vt.& vi.)（突然）抓住，例如：,The passerby seized the thief by the collar.,Her beauty_him and he swore to stay with her for ever.,(A)admired (B)cheated (C)swayed (D)captured,D,11. clas
37、h, crash, crush, smash,clash(v.)(刀剑,铃铛等)碰撞, 冲突;(意见等)抵触,Greek forces clashed with Turks in the hills.,希腊军与土耳其军在山里交战。,crash(v.)撞击，坠毁（尤指汽车，飞机等发出的猛烈声音），（使）破碎,An airliner crashed in the west of Denver last night.,crush (vt.)压(碾)碎(尤其指用压力),击倒,击溃,To make wine you first crush the grapes.,smash (v.)打碎(器皿等); 粉
38、碎(阴谋, 侵略等),She smashed one of her plates into pieces.,Our troops_with the enemy soldiers for several days and finally _them.,(A)crushed,clashed (B)smashed, crashed (C)clashed, crashed (D)clashed, crushed,D.,12. compose, consist,compose (vt.)表示由几个部分构成一个整体。,England, Scotland and Wales compose the Isla
39、nd of Great Britain.,The ocean is composed of salt water.,consist(vi.)与compose同义，但只能用于主动语态。,注：这两个词的主语通常都是单数。例如：,The city of Wuhan consists of many districts.,The committee is _ of fifteen members.,(A)invented (B)consisted (C)forged (D)composed,D,13. damage, break, destroy, ruin, wreck,damage (vt.)损坏
40、，指部分损坏，意味着损坏后价值或效率降低，有时也用于借喻中。例如：,A car was damaged during the accident.,break (vt.)打碎，例如：,He broke the window out of carelessness.,destroy (vt.)彻底破坏，常含有“不能或很难修复”的意味。例如：,A great fire destroyed the building.,ruin (vt.)毁灭（本质，内部机制），多用于借喻中。,Youll ruin your prospects if you continue to be so selfish.,He
41、has ruined his health through drinking.,wreck (vt.)强调被风暴“打坏”，或在礁石上“碰碎”，“碰破”。例如：,The ship was wrecked in a storm.,船只在暴风雨中失事。,By knocking down a bicycle standing at the roadside, he _ his own car.,(A)crushed (B)destroyed (C)damaged (D)injured,C.,14. decline, refuse, reject,这三个词都表示“拒绝”的意思，语气程度依次加强。decl
42、ine最委婉，refuse较强，reject最强。例如：,He always refuses to help others.,Tom rejected my invitation without a moments hesitation.,She declined the invitation by saying that she had something important to do.,He was afraid he would have to _ her invitation to the party.,(A)refute (B)refuse (C)return (D)decline
43、,D.,15. doubt, suspect,doubt (vt.)怀疑，不相信。一般含有否定意义。指怀疑某种事物是否存在或发生，也指怀疑某人的话是否真实可靠等。用于肯定句时，后接“whether(if)从句”。用于否定句或疑问句时，后接“that从句”。例如：,I doubt whether(if) he will keep his word.,I dont doubt that our team will win.,suspect (vt.)猜测，怀疑。较为肯定，多指猜忌，猜疑。常跟that引导的宾语从句。,I suspect that he will come.,I suspect th
44、e truth of his report.,I _ if he will come.,(A)doubt (B)guess (C)suspect (D)suppose,A.,16. rise, raise, arise, arouse, rouse,rise(vi.)上升：是不及物动词，指由低处升到高处。该词是不规则动词：rise, rose, risen。例如：,Food prices have risen rapidly in the past few months.,raise (vt.)举起：是及物动词，指将某物由低处升至或举到高处。该词属规则动词。例如：,He is too weak
45、 to raise that heavy box.,arise (vi.)上升：是不及物动词，可与rise互换，但比较文气。该词还有“起源于（和from连用）”和“出现”的意思（主语往往是抽象名词）。例如：,Black smoke arose(rose)from the chimney.,Accidents usually arise from carelessness.,arouse (vt.)（把感情，兴趣）唤起，激起；使某人生气。例如：,The speaker aroused the anger of the audience.,rouse (vt.)通常用在表示比较具体的“叫醒”或“唤
46、醒”（常与from, out of搭配），例如：,My alarm clock roused me from my dreams.,The employer promised to _ the workers payment.,(A)arise (B)rise (C)lift (D)raise,D.,17. persuade, convince, advise,persuade (vt.)和convince (vt.)意思均为“说服”，前者着重情感上的“敦促，劝告”；后者着重理智方面的“辩论，证明”。两者结构相同，即：,He persuaded (convinced) me of her si
47、ncerity.,He persuaded (convinced) me that that was not worth buying. He persuaded (convinced) me to do that. He persuaded (convinced) me out of doing that.,(2) persuade和convince都表示结果，即说服了；若表示“说服”或“劝说”的动作，常用try to persuade (convince),也可用advise来表示。,I advised (tried to persuade) him to start early but he wouldnt listen.,He persuaded us to come to the meeting, but we didnt.A B C D,A. persuade 应改为tried to persuade, 或改为advised.,Our next-door neighbors have _ us to have the same kind of carpet as they have.,(A)insisted (B)suggested (C)persuaded (D) advised,C.,
