1、Lesson Two ： Memory Training,Memory training,The importance of a good memory in interpreting The ability to process information is an essential part of successful interpreting. The ability to listen, comprehend, and retain information is necessary for processing information.,记忆有三种类型： -即瞬时记忆：只能使语言信息保
2、持0.25秒至2秒,之后记忆的信息便会消失,它是最短的记忆。译者要有瞬时获取信息的能力,这也是口译人员需要具备的基本素质之一。 -短时记忆：短时阶段记忆阶段贮存瞬时记忆输入的信息。虽然信息保持的时间短,但对口译人员来说,短时记忆却相当重要,它是译者进行高强度脑力活动的关键时刻。 -长时记忆：经过加工的语言信息进入长时记忆阶段。长时记忆的信息容量要大得多,信息的保持可以从短时直至终身,是大脑长期保持信息的主要手段。在口译的记忆过程中它配合短时记忆共同完成大脑的记忆工作。,Shortterm Memory: The duration of STM is very short. It is up 6
3、 to 30 seconds. Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time. Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.,Longterm Memory: Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas
4、and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later. To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later. Long-term memory is a learning process. And it is essentially an important part of the inter
5、preters acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in LTM may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.,Short-term memory training,训练方法：,最初阶段：短篇材料（逻辑性），复述。时间大约掌握在5-6分钟。 目标：保证大的框架的完整，逻辑的清晰。 保证训练量,中期阶段：复述。逐渐增长篇幅，内容难度适当调整。 时间可以增加到7-10分钟 目的：仍然是保证内容逻辑框架的完整性。考核复述质量。巩固前面成果。,最后阶段：
6、时间控制在10分钟左右，内容的细节方面加强。框架结构始终保证。 始终建议同自己的language partner进行训练，这样对于质量评定上还有所掌握。 如果是自己单独训练的话则应该尽可能地遵循上述的一些大的原则前提下，可以采用自己阅读复述，听新闻复述，阅读复述等等。但在时间长短，难度以及训练时间上应该遵循上面提高的规则，更有利于提高。,一般来讲，记忆的效果与记忆材料的类型有一定的关系。比如逻辑关系清晰、结构紧凑的语料记忆起来就比较容易、记忆保持的效果也比较理想。另外，记忆的效果还与待识记语料是否具有形象性有关。人们对贴近生活实景生动、形象的描述记忆起来会比较容易，印象也比较深刻。,具体操作：
7、,1）由训练者（或练习伙伴）以适当的语速现场发布源语信息，长度应掌握在1至5分钟之内。 2）接受训练者凭记忆储存源语内容，并尽量用译语记忆。 3）接受训练者用译语对原文的内容进行要点复述。 4）复述后可进行讲评、切磋，探讨遗漏信息的性质和原因。 5）练习可分阶段进行。复述的内容逐渐由大意进入细节，并逐渐提高对细节准确性的要求。（6）整个过程中不允许记笔记。,一、信息视觉化和现实化训练（Visualization）,This is to visualize what the speaker is saying in interpretation. It is applicable to the
8、retaining of information in such speech types as narration, description and introduction. 这种训练是针对大脑对意像语料的敏感性而设计的，旨在训练译员通过将信息内容现实化、视觉化来记忆信息的能力。,Example 1,I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrrupting our conversaiton. There we were, walking and talking on a
9、beautiful sunny day and poof! I became invisible, absent from the conversation. The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies. Evidently, the electronic voice
10、is preferable to human contact.,Example 2,My home town is a beautiful place, but it is not very big. It stands beside a wide river at the foot of low green hills. There are about eleven thousand people in it. The streets are wide and straight, and there are many new houses and shops along them. Ther
11、e is a modern hospital and some fine schools. You can see trees and flowers everywhere.,I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal
12、. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons.He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.,My daughter, Jane, n
13、ever dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received
14、 a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post office. Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.,二、逻辑分层记忆训练,提纲式记忆指译员充分利用语篇的基本结构及其主要意义间的联系，把源语材料内容当作提纲或框架来处理。在此提纲或框架里，译员所“记”的内容是源语材料的主要意义及其联系。在随后所“
15、忆”和“译”的阶段，译员则在所记的基本提纲的基础上，完整地归纳包括其他次要意义在内的全部意义。提纲式记忆常用于那些讲话内容相对有条理性、主次意义较清楚的讲话材料，如论证类、介绍类讲话等。,例子1,澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大的差别，我认为原因很多。首先是由于中国的人口密度较大，其次是经济情况不同。澳大利亚的经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境的污染相对较小；而中国的经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制定比较严格的环境保护法规。第三是历史的原因。虽然澳大利亚的土族居民有六万多年的历史，但是他们是游牧民族，所以
16、对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚重要的人类活动只有两百年的历史。在中国，重要的人类活动已有几千年之久。第四，中国的环境保护还没有受到应有的重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人的社会文明意识有所不同。,澳、中生态环境差别原因：1 人口密度2 经济情况：澳：第一、三产业（两例、结果）中：第二产业（结果）此外，澳：发达国（环保法规）3 历史：（重要人类活动史比较）4环保重视程度5文明意识,例子2,中国人的待客规则，一是要热情，态度上不能慢待，别人会用你的态度判定你的心意。对待不同地方的朋友，难度不一样：美国人，以低成本就能让他们满意；香港人，就难了，他们讲究吃；老家人，点些没吃过的菜就可以；对过去的
17、同学、同事，不能点得太便宜，那表明你把他看得很便宜。二是量不应该不足，可以有余、可以浪费，但不能空盘。三是如果有求于朋友，那么吃饭是不够的，通常应该有另外的表示。根据办的事不一样，表示的程度不一样。对于外国人，选最不值钱的东西就可以了：小盘子和小手帕就行；对中国的朋友，这些东西人家都不会要的。如果你送的礼物显得很小气，那么前面的东西就都白吃了。另外，对于我们中国人，朋友们在一起的时候，买单要积极主动，这是表现你诚心与否的重要时机。如果你是公司老板，更要主动买单，不要让教授或公务员买单。总的说来，表面的热情要有高度。过去是酒要喝到醉，要喝度数高的、价钱贵的酒。现在，劝酒的方式缓和多了。不再强迫喝
18、，不喝醉，喝低度酒。现在的待客之道是：热情、主动、考虑健康。待客之道变得比较宽容合理了。,中国待客之道 1.热情美国人：低成本香港人：讲究吃老家人：点些没吃过的菜；同学、同事：不能点太便宜 2.量要足 3.别的表示外国人：最不值钱的东西-小盘子、小手帕中国人：贵的 4、买单：积极 5、劝酒： 过去：喝到醉，度数高、贵的酒 现在：热情、主动、考虑健康,例子3,People have different ideas about what exactly is being on time and being late. These ideas also differ from time to tim
19、e, and from country to country. For example, in the United States, it is very important to be on time for almost all occasions. The only time it is socially acceptable to be late is when you go to a friends party. A person usually tries to arrive about 5 minutes after the invitation time, so that th
20、e host would have a little extra time to prepare for the guests. This is called being “fashionably late.” Any time later than that is considered impolite, because it keeps the host and other guests waiting.Being on time goes both ways. One should also not arrive early for a friends party, because it
21、 would rush the host. However, when going to a doctors appointment, it is usually good to arrive earlier than the appointment because there are usually some forms that need to be filled out by the patient.,Different ideas about being on time and being late E.g-USA: important to be on time for almost
22、 all occasions (except friends party-5 late Being on time -2 ways:-a little late to a friends party-earlier to a doctors appointment,复述训练,The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlie
23、r, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectiv
24、es were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!,Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they
25、 catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything - not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. You must give up fishing! my friends say. Its a waste of time. But they dont realize one important thing. Im not really
26、 interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!,I had a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, she will get a surprise. We are now living in a beautiful new hou
27、se in the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was completed five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us. The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the onl
28、y modern house in the district.,Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been drive
29、n away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.,Schwarzenegger ： My dreams2.Benjamin : Why should mayers rule the world?,http:/ Halloween,Thank you !:=),
