1、Communication,2019/6/8,Supposedly machine- washable 可机洗的 Preshrunk T-shirt 预缩的 Warranty 保修单 Patter down 拍打 Pasty 替罪羊 The bruising force of hailstones(冰雹) Go through life mad as hell气疯了 Reluctant to do sth Stand up for our right,2019/6/8,公司部门 Repair department Consumer-protection agency The China Con
2、sumers Association (CCA,中国消费者协会 顾客 Customer / patron 老顾客/ consumer,2019/6/8,平常的应对措施Dodge 躲避Grumble 抱怨Scowl at 怒视Choke it down 强咽下去,2019/6/8,维权的应对措施,If you got any problem with the quality of the products, please complain to . Venture to public . She sued the company for racial discrimination. 她以种族歧视
3、为由对公司起诉。 charge sb (with sth/with doing sth) 指控，控告，起诉；指责，谴责；,2019/6/8,slink away 潜逃 Roar away 呼啸而去 Puff up 抬起 The sheer volume of 数量之多 好句 Eye-popping, vein-throbbing state of apoplectic rage Value good relations with your customers Life s annoyances descend on all of us,2019/6/8,Tips for effective c
4、omplaining Effective complaining is not apologetic and half-hearted. Effective complainers are people who act businesslike and important. -an approach that would tempt anyone to take you down a peg or two -people are generally treated the way they expect to be treated Reasonable request / satisfacto
5、ry response remedy a problem / grounds for apology If your problem requires an immediate response, try to make your complaint in person.,2019/6/8,-a real, live, in-the-flesh individual -disembodied voice -get a runaround 搪塞 Most importantly, complain to the right person. ( manager / supervisor) -dri
6、ve you crazy -pass along to the appropriate person Complaining by letter is probably effective when you do not require an immediate response. -back up 支持 - soften up 使软化 -appliances 家用电器,2019/6/8,You make a threata polite threat. Dont be too quick to make one of the most common threat. -Modest amoun
7、t of money -settle with Be persistent. -Worn out -be rid of -be free of,2019/6/8,舍友交流方式 Established a chatting group Faced their own laptops Sending message Tapping the keyboardRevolutionary changes 猛增 The boom of sth With the prosperity of,2019/6/8,内心交流 Ideas and mutual understanding Soul touching
8、communication and understanding Touch upon the bloggers inside world 相反 On the contrary By contrast Waffle with 闲聊 Separation of form and content Conceal our true feeling,2019/6/8,Mere acquaintance / strangers intimate strangers Bosom friend 绝对自由 Absolute freedom At their will The unrestricted right
9、 滥用 Abuse the modern technology Abuse their right of free expression Scold and flirt / cheat,2019/6/8,Vulgarity 粗俗 Notorious 臭名昭著 Stain ones eyes 玷污眼睛Sth is not rare on the Net nowadays Resort to 诉诸于 Stab me in the back 背后说坏话 Share the same feeling with 与我持相同观点 Safe from betray Indulging themselves
10、on 沉溺于,2019/6/8,Browse a website Trash information 网络时代 The era of cyberspace 虚拟世界in the virtual space,2019/6/8,P191第三段下定义P193 B篇最后一段,2019/6/8,英语写作中培养学生运用语篇衔接手段的途径,写作要达到三个层次上的连贯，即：情景连贯，意义连贯和形式连贯,2019/6/8,章振邦把衔接手段分为三类：第一类是逻辑纽带；第二类是语法纽带；第三类是词汇纽带。,2019/6/8,一） 逻辑衔接手段逻辑联系语可以表达许多语义关系，早在1976年，Halliday and
11、Hasan就把这些关系分为四类：additive（增补）；adversative（转折）；cause（原因）；temporal（时间）（Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan，1976：238）。当然这些语义关系还可以被细化成很多种。本文综合各家之长，把常用的逻辑联系语按语义关系分类如下：1表示空间：above, before me, here, on the left, across from, below, in the distance等。2. 表示时间：first, second, etc., finally, eventually, in the meantime, a
12、t the same time,等。3表示原因：because, because of, as, since, due to, owing to, as result of , on account of等。4. 表示条件：given, if, in that case, if not 等。5 表示让步：although, though, admittedly, it is true but, even though, even if 等。6表示举例：for example, for instance, in addition, in addition to, as well as, to i
13、llustrate等。7 表示比较：another, furthermore, moreover, equally important, besides, in fact,等。8表示对比：on the contrary, different from, on the one hand on the other hand,等。,2019/6/8,9表示增补：and, and also, too, andtoo, in addition, in addition to, furthermore, besides, 等。10. 表示列举：first, second, ; firstly, secon
14、dly, ; nest, then, finally, 等。11. 表示解释或等同： that is to say, namely, in other words, similarly, equally, I mean, 等。12. 表示替换：again, rather, worse, alternatively, instead of, instead, 等。13表示总结：to conclude, in conclusion, in short, in brief, on the whole, 等。14. 表示转折：well, now, by the way, incidentally, 等
15、。15. 表示结果：So, hence, consequently, therefore, as consequence, as a result 等。16. 表示强调: chiefly, actually, most important, certainly, of course, as a matter of fact 等。17.表示转题：by the way, as for, to change the subject, with reference to, concerning等,2019/6/8,二）语法衔接手段语法衔接手段主要包括以下五种：替代、省略、照应、排比和动词时和体的形式。
16、1替代英语中的替代分为名词性替代、动词性替代和小句替代2省略英语中的省略也分为名词性省略、动词性省略和小句省略3 照应照应关系包括内照应和外照应：内照应之语篇的语言项目之间的照应关系，也就是上下文关系；而外照应指语言项目的意义解释直接依存于语篇外客观环境中的某个事物。内照应指前中照应和后照应（黄国文，1997：91）。根据Halliday 的观点，照应可以分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应三类。4排比排比结构整齐匀称、语义紧密相关，读起来琅琅上口，气势恢宏，具有一种均衡美。排比的语言单位可以是单词、短语和句子，因此既可以说排比是语法衔接手段，也可以说是词汇衔接手段。5动词时和体的形式英语中许多动
17、词的时态在语篇中起到句际间的衔接作用。动词时体形式的交替使用可以表明动作发生或状态所处的时间，使受话人容易把握叙述的时间线索，从而更好地理解语篇，这主要体现在叙事语篇中，作者经常使用直接引语以便更好地体现人物当时的心理活动，因此说动词的时体形式在连句成篇的过程中作用非同小可。,2019/6/8,（三）词汇衔接手段英语词汇衔接关系包括复现关系和同现关系。1 词汇复现关系词汇复现关系分为四种:原词复现; 同义词、近义词复现;上下义词复现;概括词复现。由某个词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词或其它形式重复出现在语篇中，把语篇的各个部分衔接起来，使语篇达到连贯。2词汇同现关系/搭配同现关
18、系，也叫搭配，指的是词汇共同出现的倾向性。一个语篇往往围绕一个主题展开，那么有关这个主题的词汇便会反复出现，而与它无关的一些特定词汇就不大可能出现。同现的词汇在语义上是有联系的。词汇的同现关系主要包括反义关系和互补关系。,2019/6/8,语篇衔接手段的得体运用使该段演讲词非常连贯。该语篇的衔接手段分析如下:（一）逻辑衔接手段:1表强调：句（5）用But强调了纳粹的罪大恶极。2. 表比较：句（4）里的比较结构No one has been a more表达了作者对共产主义的无比憎恨。3. 表空间：句（6）里的before；句（7）里的on the threshold；句（11）里的from；句
19、（13）里in the sky起到了很好的衔接作用使文章更加连贯。4. 表时间；句（8）里from time immemorial强调了苏联人民世代生存的热土受到了威胁，激发英军帮助苏联的爱心；句（9）里用when把苏联人民保卫家园妇幼老人儿童祈福的场景衔接起来，加强了大家保卫苏联的决心。5表转折：句（10）里的but再次描述了苏联人民安土乐业的生活正在受到纳粹的肆意践踏，强调援苏抗德的重要性。6. 表增补：句（2）、（3）里的and 重现了纳粹的惨无人道，(13)里的and强调如果没有英国的帮助，苏联必将沦丧在德国纳粹的铁蹄之下。,2019/6/8,二、选取典型范文进行语篇分析,“The N
20、azi regime is indistinguishable from the worst features of Communism. （1）It is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination. （2）It excels all forms of humanwickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferocious aggression. （3）No one has been a more consistent opponent o
21、f Communism than I have for the last twenty-five years. （4） I will unsay no word that I have spoken about it. （5）But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding. （6）The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away. （7）I see the Russian soldiers standing on
22、the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. （8）I see them guarding their homes where mothers and wives prayah, yes, for there are times when all pray for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champio
23、n, of their protector. （9） I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. （10）I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, wit
24、h its clanking, heel-clicking dandified Prussian officers, its crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down of a dozen countries. （11 ）I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. （12） I see the German bombers and
25、 fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.” （13）,2019/6/8,（二）语法衔接手段: 本语篇使用的语法衔接手段如下:1排比句8-13 是一个包含了6个句子的排比结构，生动形象地再现了纳粹德国入侵时，苏联人民处于水深火热之中的场景，也展示了纳粹德国的凶残和野心，使语篇读起来朗朗上口，语义连贯紧密。2替代句（2）、（3）用it替代Nazi regime; 句（3）、（
26、4）、（6）、（7）、（8）、（9）、（10）里用I 替代作者；句（8）里的them替代Russian soldiers；句（13）里用they 替代German bombers and fighters。这些替代的使用是表达更加简洁，体现了英语语言的逻辑性很严密。3省略句（4）是个省略句，No one has been a more consistent opponent of Communism than I have for the last twenty-five years.该句里出现了右省现象，动词been 被省略。4照应指示照应：句（2）、（3）中的it 所指对象是句里的the
27、Nazi regime;句5，句8- 13句里的I 照应作者本人比较照应：句（1）里，用表比较意义的短语is indistinguishable from把句子的主语和补语衔接起来，句（3）用all forms of humanwickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferocious aggression照应句（1）里的the worst features of Communism，从而承接上下文；句（4）用比较结构No one has been a more表示前照应。人称照应：句5，句8- 13句里的I 指作者本人；句（8）、（9）
28、里 的their指苏联红军；,2019/6/8,三）词汇衔接手段:本语篇围绕二战中纳粹德国入侵苏联形成了几个词汇链：1The Nazi regime，Communism，appetite and racial domination，humanwickedness，cruelty，crimes，its follies, its tragedies2Russian soldiers, mothers, their wives, their children,3 the Nazi war machine, hideous onslaught, dandified Prussian officers, crafty expert agents4 the Hun soldiery, dull, drilled, docile, brutish同时也运用了词汇的复现关系和同现关系使句与句之间的衔接十分自然，使语篇的语义更加连贯。作者充分巧妙地运用了各种语篇衔接手段使该演讲语篇语义连贯、结构整齐、逻辑清楚、说理透彻，成为千古名篇，令人爱不释手。通过语篇分析，学生体会到了衔接手段在构建和理解语篇中的重要作用，也学会了在写作中如何正确使用衔接手段。,
