1、TEM 4,Vocabulary & Structure,Focus in TEM 4 Vocabulary Analysis & Exercises Structure Analysis & Exercises,近年来专业四级考试中Grammar and Vocabulary部分中，50%为词汇、词组和短语的用法，约50%为语法结构。该题在总分中虽占分不多,但作为测试考生英语水平之基础,它对于TEM4中所有题项影响之大是众所周知的，因为任何一门外语的学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数量及其深度的掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人的英语水平。因此，掌握词汇和语法对于在TEM4中取得好成绩显得尤为重
2、要。,综观这近几年考题，可发现： 1语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。2语法考试的重点突出，语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。,3具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况1）虚拟语气的考点为： would ratherthat从句一般过去时 It is vital necessary important urgent imperative desirab
3、le advisable natural essentialthat动词原形 It is timeabout timehigh timethat一般过去时 proposalsuggestionthat动词原形； lestthatshould动词原形； if onlythatwould动词原形。,2）状语从句的考点为： 非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if； 由even ifso，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句； justhardly.when引导的时间状语从句； more th
4、an，as.as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语分词的形式出现。 4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。 5）定语从句重点考查介词关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。,词汇部分:专业四级考试的词汇部分要求考生能灵活正确运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级的全部内容，熟练掌握教学大纲词汇表中一至四级规定的50006000个认知词汇及其最基本的搭配。其考查重点为：1动词、名词与介词的搭配 如：popularpatientwith；yieldsolutionadapttransferaccessto；accuse
5、requireof；chargefor；underdiscussion等等。,2习惯用法如：confess toset aboutbe used todoing；be supposed tohavemake sbdo等。 3由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。 4单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，nonenothingbut等词在考题中的出现。
6、,语法和词汇的复习思路：1全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各个项目中的“偏，特，难”点。 2掌握常用习惯用法和词组。 3注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题。 4研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例。,Back,常考到的词类型： 1 容易出错的词：A 近形词： (1) Everyone present considered his conduct _. A.contemptuous B.contemptible C.contemporary D. contemplative (2) We are all astonished to learn that the
7、 apparently _professor was really a spy.A. respectful B. respective C. respectable D. respected (3) On the desert travelers often see _ rivers and lakes.A. imagining B. imaginative C. imaginable D. imaginary,Vocabulary,B,C,D,B. 近义的词： (1) The child began to cry and tears slowly_ down her face.A. tric
8、kled B. oozed C. dribbled D. leaked (2) I couldnt sleep because the tap in the bathroom was _.A. draining B. dropping C. spilling D. dripping (3) The service was held to _the sacrifice of those who died in the war.A. commemorate B. memorize C. remember D. remind (4) Shortly after the boat docked, th
9、e passengers _.A. dismounted B. disembarked C. dispersed D. discharged (5) The house that we used to live in is in a very _ state.A. neglectful B. negligible C. neglected D. negligent,A,D,A,B,A,C. 异形同义词： (1) Im afraid this painting is not by Qi Bashi. Its only a copy and so its _.A. worthless B. inv
10、aluable C. unworthy D. priceless(2) Following the elections, a completely new situation is likely to _.A. arouse B. arise C. raise D. rise,A,B,2. 常见的基本搭配和固定用法(1) Because of the strong sun the new sitting-room curtains have _ from dark blue to grey. A. fainted B. paled C. bleached D. faded (2) Unfort
11、unately I must have moved the camera, because the picture is rather _. A. vague B. confused C. scratched D. blurred (3) Production has been delayed because of a shortage of _ material. A. base B. prime C. raw D. rough,D,D,C,3. 动词词组：Isnt it time you _ some serious work before the examination? A. got
12、down to B. took up with C. got off with D. put down to,A,Back,Important Structures,非谓语动词 虚拟语气 情态动词和倒装 定语从句 状语从句、名词性从句,Back,1）谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断,近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如： All things _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers co
13、uld do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled 四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。,D,2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择,谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如： I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to
14、delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make Had I remembered _ the windows, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed Your hair wants _ . Youd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cu
15、t 这类题涉及三个方面： 谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？ 即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？ 不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？,B,A,C,3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择,从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况： (1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如： The project _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplish
16、ed C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _. A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected 掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断题答案为C，题答案为D。,C,D,(2)对固定结构的考查，如： The professor could
17、 hardly find sufficient grounds _ his arguments in favor of the new theory. A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base The pressure _ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D
18、. having competed 题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D， 题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。,D,A,4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择,做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如： _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. Bel
19、ieving C. Believed D. Being Believed _ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming Realizing that he hadnt enough money and _ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A. not wanted B. no to want C.
20、 not wanting D. wanting not _ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles. A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed,B,A,C,A,从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有： (1)状语类别的判断 ：不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如。 (2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系 根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。 (3)非谓语动词的否定形式 not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之
21、前，如。 (4) 独立成分 有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from., to tell the truth., 等。,5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择,做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如： They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to
22、be installed D. installed After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _.A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled You will see this product _ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising,A,D,B, His remarks left me _ ab
23、out his real purpose. A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering When I caught him _ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs
24、or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated,D,A,C,6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择,表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如： The house was very quiet, _ as it was on the side of the mountain. A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated These
25、surveys indicate that many crimes go _ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them. A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的用法规则是相同的。,A,A,7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择,to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四
26、级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如： I have no objection _ your story again. A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard The traditional approach _ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems. A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal The man in the corn
27、er confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如。,B,A,D,8) 分词前连词的使用,分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式 Michael used to look h
28、urt and surprised when _. A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词 Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs _ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 由上下文的意思可以看出，
29、分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。,D,D,9) 非谓语动词的体,非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。 动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。 不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。,如： The man in the corner
30、 confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem _ all the time. A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse 从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进
31、行体。 The speech _, a lively discussion started. A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered 该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体。,D,B,D,10）动名词复合结构,动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构： _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wi
32、shed for. A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated C. The girls being educated D. The girl to be educated本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。 Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon. A. there being a chance B. there t
33、o be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型，所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。,C,A, I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案
34、自然是B。 I would appreciate _ it a secret.A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep本题与上一题类似，答案是A。,Back,B,A,虚拟语气-考试重点简介,英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有28题之多，占词汇/语法总数的15.2%。下面分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。,1
35、.条件句中的虚拟语气,1) If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过去时，过去完成时，或were to/should +原形动词，而主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。,A,2) _ for my illness I would
36、have lent him a helping hand. A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。如1）从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如： If he werent such a kind man, he wouldnt lent a hand to such people as you the other day.
37、(从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldnt have bought so many foods. (从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。),B,3) _before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 熟记主从句
38、动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。,D,4) Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often. A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if。考试时经常是将省
39、略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。 5) _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left If it werent/hadnt been for 以及其倒装结构were it not for/had it not been for表示“如果不是的话”,C,C,6) Had he worked harder, he _ the exam
40、s. A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through7) If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned 正如真实条件从句中不用will一样，虚拟条件从句中
41、也不可使用would，应特别注意。,B,C,解析,如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2）6）和7）。 如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的结构，如1）。 如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should + 原形动词，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都属于这种情况。,2含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气,含蓄虚拟条
42、件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有： But for/Without, 主句 eg: But for/Without your help, we wouldnt have accomplished the task on time. , otherwise/or eg: He hadnt had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldnt have fainted out at work., 分词/不定式，主句 Ha
43、ving been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster. Given more time, we could have done the work much better. You would be foolish to make friends with such people. ，though/but Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. He could have got the job, but h
44、e didnt apply for it.,1) Some women _a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made2) We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him. A. would have telephoned B. must h
45、ave telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned,D,A,3名词性从句中的虚拟语气,与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。1) Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early? A.go B.went C.would go D.goes 2) Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. A.staying not B.not to stay C.t
46、hat he would not stay D.that he not stay3) Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place. A.be living B.were living C .would live D.would have lived4) It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent,B,D,B,D
47、,5) It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made. A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion_. A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be out off 7) The suggestion that the mayor _the prizes was accepted by everyone. A.would present B.present C.presents D.ought to present 8) Its already 5 oclock now.Dont you think it is about time _? A.we are going home B.we go home C.we went home D.we can go home,
