1、Semantics,Main points,. Leech and his 7 types of meaning利奇的意义七分法 . Referential theory指称论 . Semantic triangle 语义三角 .Sense relations涵义关系,.Leech and his 7 types of meaning,G. Leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, first published in 1974, as follows:Conceptual meaning (概念意义） : logical, c
2、ognitive, or denotative content. Connotative meaning （内涵意义） : what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. Social meaning （社会意义）: what is communicated of the social circumstance of language use. Affective meaning（感情意义）: what is communicates of feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writ
3、er.,5. Reflected meaning（反射意义）: what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. 6. Collocative meaning（搭配意义）: what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. 7. Thematic meaning（主位意义）: what is communicate
4、d by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.,.Referential theory,Definition: The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing is refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. Example: “The most influential linguist Noam Chomsky
5、teaches at MIT”,To mean a particular person,To mean a particular institution of higher learning,3. ProblemWhen we explain the meaning of desk by pointing to the thing it refers to, we do not mean a desk must be of the particular size, shape, color and material as the desk we are pointing to at the m
6、oment of speaking.,. Semantic triangle,It is proposed by Ogden and Richards in The Meaning of Meaning. They argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept. In a diagram form, the relation is represented as follows: conceptword thing,. Sense r
7、elations,1. Synonymy 同义关系2. Antonymy 反义关系3. Hyponymy 上下义关系,1.Synonymy,Kinds of synonyma. complete synonym( rare) two words identical in meaning. E.g Word building word formationb. relative synonym Those that denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality.,Relative synonyms,
8、A. Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词autumn/ fall B. Stylistic synonyms 风格同义词afraid/ fearful C. Emotive synonyms感情色彩不同的同义词economical/ stingy D. Collocational synonyms 搭配同义词be charge with/ be accused of,2. Antonymy,A. Gradable antonymy 等级反义关系good/ bad B. Complementary antonymy 互补反义关系dead/ alive C. Converse ant
9、onymy 反向反义关系buy/ sell,3. Hyponymy,Desk(书桌）的意义内包在furniture(家具）的意义中， rose(玫瑰）的意义内包在flower(花)中。换句话说，上下义关系是一种类和成员间的关系。位于这种意义关系上位的词语，即类名，叫做上坐标词 superordinate；位于下位的是成员，叫做下义词 hyponyms。,一个上坐标词通常有很多下义词,Living(plant) (animal)(flower tree bush) (tiger wolf sheep)(maple oak pine) ram ewe lamb (white pine/ yello
10、w pine),有时一个上坐标词同时是它自己的上坐标词,animal(动物)Bird fish insect animal (哺乳动物)human animal(兽类)Tiger lion elephant,Exercise,2006 38. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of ( )A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context 在没语境的情况下研究语言的意义是语义学的主要任务。 在有语境的情况下研究语言的意思的语用学的主要课题。,2006 39.The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of -A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms,Thank you,
