1、Unit 2 Language,Quotation from Humboldt,No one when he uses a word has in mind exactly the same thing that another has, and the difference, however tiny, sends its tremors throughout language. By Wilhelm von Humboldt 在使用某个词的时候，没有一个人脑子里想像的东西与另一个人的完全相同。这种差异，无论多么细微，其影响（震颤）贯穿整个语言。 洪保德（德国）,Passage 1 Lang
2、uage,Language is a part of culture. (Language is also the carrier of culture.) Linguistic symbols are nearly all arbitrary. (语言符号【字、词】几乎全部具有任意性) They are conventions by which certain sounds are attached to certain objects and events. (语言符号是约定俗成的：某些声音被固定在（指称）某些物体和某些事件上。)Every language has a structure
3、: an internal logic and a particular relationship between its parts. (每种语言都有结构，即内部逻辑和各部分之间的特定关系。),Technical terms: 术语,Phonology and phoneme: 音位学与音素 Morphology and morpheme: 形态学与词素 Syntax: 句法学 Semantics: 语义学 The lexicon: 词汇 A lexicon is the total stock of words in a language. The relationship between
4、 culture and language is clearly seen in a lexicon. Examples， see p. 17,The impact of language on individuals,Language is the way in which the individual is introduced to the order of the physical and social environment. Therefore, language would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual
5、perceives and conceptualizes the world. (语言是个人融入物质和社会环境秩序的方式。因此，语言看上去对于个人感知和认识世界（赋予世界以概念）具有重大影响。),Passage 2 Translation Problems,When cultures speak diverse languages, translation is criticalbut always imperfect. (当社会文化操不同语言时，翻译尤其重要，但是总也达不到完美。) Five translation problems that can become barriers to i
6、ntercultural communication: Vocabulary equivalence. (词汇等值) （the lack of vocabulary equivalence） Idiomatic equivalence. (习语等值) Grammatical-syntactical equivalence. (语法句法等值) Experiential equivalence. (经验等值) Conceptual equivalence. (概念等值),Language and Culture,Language is a reflection of culture, and cu
7、lture is a reflection of language. Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules as well as our perception of the universe. Equally important is the fact that meaning shifts from culture to culture.,Discussion:,The development of theories of translation involves a comparison of the respons
8、es of original receptors with the responses of those who receive the translated text. In other words, it is important to study the way in which the original receptors of a text interpreted and understood the text, and to compare this with how receptors of the translated text respond to it in terms b
9、oth of understanding and appreciation. (Jin Di & Nida: 1984, p.25) Linguistic expressions are often culturally-loaded and can carry cultural information. Failure to receive such information in cross-cultural communication will lead to misunderstanding or even a communication breakdown.,Vocabulary eq
10、uivalence.,From Chinese to English: 杯子：glass; cup; mug 疼痛：ache; pain; sore; hurt 运动场：sports ground; play ground; gym(体育馆;健身房)；the football field（足球场）; the tennis/badminton/basketball court（网球场、羽毛球场、篮球场）; the golf course（高尔夫球场）; the skating rink（滑冰场：溜冰场, 冰球场, 室内溜冰场）; the hockey arena（曲棍球场）; the ring
11、(for boxing or wrestling) （拳击场、摔跤场）,“青” 与 ”heavy”,青： 青布 black cloth 青菜 green vegetables 青山 green hills 青天 blue sky 青年young people 青松 pine From English to Chinese: Heavy: A heavy rain 大雨 a heavy responsibility 重大责任 heavy food 油腻、难消化的食物 a heavy heart 沉郁的心情 heavy music 严肃音乐,Task 1: Translate the Follow
12、ing:,A smooth sea never makes a skillful mariner. He who would search for pearls must dive below. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. To have another fish to fry. The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it.,参考译文,风平浪静的大海培养不出技艺高超的水手。 想要找珍珠，必须潜入海。（不入虎穴，焉得虎子） 生活缺乏目标犹
13、如航海缺乏罗盘。 还有一件事情要做。（have other fish to fry 口另有要事要做; 另有他图） 水能载舟，也能吞舟。（也能覆舟）,Translate the Following:,前人栽树，后人乘凉。 斩草不除根，逢春必要生。 种田不用问，深耕多上粪。 生米煮成了熟饭。 巧妇难为无米之炊。,Translation for Reference,While earlier generations plant trees, posterity will enjoy the cool under the shade. If the weed is not uprooted, it w
14、ill revive the next spring. It goes without saying that deep plowing and manuring are good for growing crops. Whats done can not be undone. Even a clever housewife cant cook without rice.,Task 2 Language is a Reflection of Culture,Man proposes, God disposes. God helps those who help themselves. Forb
15、idden fruit is sweetest. As poor as the church mouse. The devil dances in an empty pocket.,参考译文,谋事在人，成事在天。 资助者天助。 禁果最甜。 穷得丁当响。（穷如教堂老鼠） 穷极生恶。,Words and Expressions,arbitrary adj.任意的, 武断的, 独裁的, 专断的 structural linguistics 结构语言学 subsystem 子系统 phonology 音韵学；音位学( a system of sounds) cf. phonetics 语音学；发音学
16、morphology 词法；形态学 (a system for creating words from sounds) syntax 句法学 (the arrangement of words to form phrases and sentences) semantics 语义学 (a system that relates words to meaning) vocal apparatus 发音器官 tonal adj.音调的 phoneme 音位；音素 phonemic: 音位的；音素的 morpheme 词素 (the small unit of a language that has
17、 a meaning),bound morpheme 粘着词素 free morpheme 自由词素 undesirables 不受欢迎的人或东西 (with four morphemes: un-; desire; -able; -s. desire: a free morpheme) lexicon 词典；词汇 （the total stock of words in a language） complexity n.复杂(性), 复杂的事物, 复杂性 specialization n.特殊化, 专门化, 特化作用 slushy adj.泥泞的 Burgundy adj. burgundy
18、 暗红色的 replete: be filled with adj.充满的 shopping mall 大型购物中心,Translate the Following,借花献佛。 跑了和尚跑不了庙。 做一天和尚撞一天钟。 平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚。 泥菩萨过河，自身难保。,Translation for Reference,Present Buddha with borrowed flowers. The monk may run away, but not the temple. Go on tolling the bell as long as one is a monk. Never bur
19、n incense when one is well but clasp Buddhas feet when in distress. Like a clay idol crossing a river, one is hardly able to save oneself, let alone assit others.,Proverbs Express Values,A stitch in time saves nine. Take care of today, and tomorrow will take care of itself. Time is money. Time and t
20、ide wait for no man. Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Do not put off until tomorrow what you can do today.,More Proverbs,Kill tow birds with one stone. If at first you dont succeed, try, try again. God helps those who helps themselves. A rolling stone gathers no m
21、oss. You cant tell a book by its cover. Clothes make the man. Good fences make good neighbors.,More Proverbs,Strike while the iron is hot. Actions speak louder than words. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.,Task 4 Animals and Their Different Associative Meanings,He that has been bitten by a serpent
22、is afraid of a rope. A snake in the grass. To warm a snake in ones bosom. A snake in the bosom. The serpent in Eden,Translation,一遭被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 草中之蛇（潜伏地危险) 对敌人/坏人慈悲。 对某人恩将仇报的人。 伊甸园中的大蛇（撒旦、魔鬼）,蛇/Snakes,杯弓蛇影。 强龙不压地头蛇。 蛇爬无声，奸计无影。 蛇蝎心肠。,Translation for Reference,Mistake the reflection of a bow in the cup f
23、or a snake. A mighty dragon cant overpower a snake in its laira local villain is hard to subdue. An evil scheme leaves no shadow just as a snake leaves no sound when crawling. Venomous as snakes and scorpions.,The Dragon/龙,A mythical monster like a giant reptile. In European tradition the dragon is
24、typically fire-breathing and tends to symbolize chaos and evil, whereas in the Far East it is usually a beneficent symbol of fertility, associated with the water and heavens. Chase the dragon 徒劳的追求，无益的举动。,Chinese,龙马精神 龙飞凤舞 龙凤呈祥 龙腾虎跃 龙的传人 望子成龙,Translation for Reference,Spirit of a dragon horse: hale
25、and hearty Dragons flying and phoenixes dancing; lively and vigorous flourishes in calligraphy Prosperity brought by the dragon and the phoenix; extremely good fortune Dragons rising and tigers leapingscene of bustling activity Descendants of the Chinese dragonthe Chinese nation Long to see ones son
26、 become a dragonhope ones children will have a bright future;,The Dog/狗,A lucky dog Love me, love my dog. Every dog has his day. Barking dogs do not bite. To teach an old dog new tricks. An old dog will learn no new tricks. (=You cannot teach old dogs new tricks.) 谚老狗学不了新把戏; 老年人很难适应新事物。 Let sleeping
27、 dog lie. A dog in the mange. Go to the dogs. (过潦倒的生活；堕落),“dogs” in Chinese Idioms,狗头军师 狗仗人势 狗急跳墙 狗苟蝇营 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 儿不嫌母丑，狗不嫌家贫。 好狗护三邻，好汉护三村。,Translation for Reference,Person who offers bad advice; Like a dog threatening people on the strength of its masters powerbe a bully with the support of a powerf
28、ul person Shamelessly seek personal gains; seek personal gains without scruple; A dog will leap over a wall in desperation; a corners beast will turn at bay; No ivory can come out of a dogs mouth; a filthy mouth cant utter decent language; As a dog does not shun a home however poor, a son does not l
29、oathe his mother, however plain. A mother never looks ugly to her son. A true man, like a faithful dog, takes good care of his neighborhood.,Task 5 Color Terms,Red carpet Red-letter day A red battle Red hands Red-light district,Translation,铺红地毯 节日（日历）/可纪念的； 用红字标明的 血战 沾满鲜血的手；现行犯罪的 红灯区,Chinese Idioms,
30、开门红 红事 红运 红颜,Translation for Reference,Make a good beginning Marriage; wedding Good luck Rosy cheeks; pretty face; beautiful women,White/白,White hands A white lie A white hope White list 白事 白丁 白费力气 白眼 白色恐怖,Translation for Reference,一尘不染；纯洁 善意的谎言cf: a black lie: 用心险恶的谎言 被认为能够击败黑人重量级拳王的白人 白名单 c.f.: bl
31、acklist: 守法人名单 Funeral Person without a degree or an official post in feudal society Useless; in vain Scornful look; White terrror,Yellow/黄,A yellow dog 黄帝 黄袍 炎黄子孙 黄道吉日 黄河 黄土地,Translation for Reference,杂种狗 Huangdi or Yellow Emperor Imperial yellow robe Descendants of Yandi and Huangdi / the Chinese nation Propitious or auspicious date; lucky dog Yellow River Loess land,
