1、Unit 6 Effects on Climate and Ecological Environment,After Unit 6, th students should understand: -the sources and types of greenhouse gases -the concept of greenhouse gas effect -effects of greenhouse effect on climate change -the international efforts in controlling greenhouse effect,I Greenhouse
2、effect 1 -is a natural warming process of the earth. When the suns energy reaches the earth some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed. The absorbed energy warms the earths surface which then emits heat energy back toward space as longwave radiation. This outgoing longwave radiat
3、ion is partially trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour which then radiate the energy in all directions, warming the earths surface and atmosphere.,2 Consequences of the greenhouse effect Sea levels rise, possibly as much as two feet, by the end of next century.
4、 Rising temperatures could lead to changes in regional wind systems which would influence global rainfall distribution and lead to the redistribution and frequency of floods, droughts and forest fires. Windstorms and hurricanes could become more frequent and more intense.,Increased sea temperatures
5、would cause coral bleaching and the destruction of coral reefs around the world. Climate change would create favorable conditions for growth in insect populations. This would likely have a negative effect on agriculture and human health, and result in a spread of malaria and other tropical diseases.
6、 Water supplies would become disrupted in some regions, particularly in already vulnerable, arid areas.,II New Words and Expressions CO2 induced, CO2引起的 climatic model气候模型 ,natural fluctuation in climate气候的自然波动 , -to be well recognized 得到很好认可 -to be characterized as 表示. 特性 ,刻画 性格 -to be characterize
7、d by 具有 . 特征 -in the short term/long term 短期/长期,-take into account 考虑 -contribute to 贡献 -with something in mind 记住 III Kyoto Protocol -1992, the World Summit on Environment and Development , 153 nations signed THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, effective in 1995,-1997, Kyoto
8、Protocol- outcome of 1997, more than 160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan, to negotiate binding limitations on greenhouse gases for the developed nations, pursuant to the objectives of the Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992. - Commitment: the developed nations agreed to limit their greenhouse
9、 gas emissions, relative to the levels emitted in 1990. - Main greenhouse gases,CO2 - Carbon dioxide CH4 - Methane N2O - Nitrous oxide PFCs - Perfluorocarbons (全氟化碳) HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons (氟化烃) SF6 - Sulphur hexafluoride (六氟化硫),- CDM 1) Why CDM is needed? Due the difficulty of actual reductions,
10、 the Protocol allows for the use of several market-based “flexibility mechanisms“ that allow Annex I countries to supplement their domestic efforts with investments in emissions reducing activities abroad including Joint Implementation, the Clean Development Mechanism, and emissions trading. Of most
11、 relevance to developing countries, without formal emissions reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol.,- CDM contents:industrialized countries and companies can pursue climate mitigation projects in developing countries and receive offset credits that can be applied against their own emissions
12、 targets. More specifically, “The CDM allows governments or private entities in industrialized countries to implement emission reduction projects in developing countries in order to meet their emission objectives.,These industrialized nations receive credit for these projects in the form of certifie
13、d emissions reductions (CERs).“ -identify CDM projects :,IV Quiz for Unit 6 1 Which of the following can increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? automobile exhaust b) deforestation c) all of these answers are correct d) industrial burning of fossil fuels,2 The natural heating of Ear
14、ths surface by the atmosphere is called -. a) the greenhouse effect b) ozone hole c) EL Nino d)global warming,3 There are several different types of air pollutants , which one is the most prevalent in Chongqing ? a) Ozone(O3) b) respiratory particulate c) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) d) SO2 4 Which of the
15、 following adverse health condition is(are)related to air pollution? a) Bronchitis b) asthma c) lung cancer d) all of the above,5 A toxicologist searches for a relationship between a) air pollutants b) dose and response c) cancers and non-cancerous disease d)sickness and health V Translation exercis
16、es 1 重庆发电厂对重庆的大气排放削减 贡献了50%.,2 可持续发展理论在国际上得到广泛认可 3 CO2排放量每年以20%递增. 4 重庆常常被描绘成大农村 5 CO2不断上升的趋势可望在2010得到改变,Unit 7 Conventional Control of Air Pollution Control,After this unit, the students should be able to : -to understand principals means for control of particulate emissions -describe an equipment
17、or technology,I Background information to air pollution control measures 1 IPPC -optimize industrial structure and industrial arrangement -improve energy efficiency -the development and utilization of renewable energy -industrial pollution control -enhance air quality management,2 Emission Abatement
18、 1 two categories of abatement options: -technological -socio-economic 2 Emission control and emission prevention Emission control-operates mainly on the supply side of energy sector and generally proceeds via the application of adds-on treatment(such as coal washing) or end of pipe techniques (such
19、 as flue gas desulfurization) .,Emission prevention-operates as much as the demand side as it does on the supply side and can lead to economic saving in the economy as a whole . 3 Emission prevention measures -rational planning and arrangement (such as environmental planning and EIA) -environmental
20、measurement 1) environmental legislation-basis,2)environmental monitoring-tools 3) environmental protection administration institutions undertakers -economic measures1) increase the investment ratio in GDP2) polluter pays and consumers pays principal -market establishment(trade permit, resource quot
21、a , environmental stock),-charge system(pollution charge) -financial optional(subsides for pollution control, low interest loan, green fund) -liability system (penalty, legal responsibility) -incentives (refund ) 4 forestation 5 environmental awareness,6 Technological measures -cleaner production -i
22、mplementation of sustainable development 1) energy planning and management 2) energy saving and energy efficiency 3)clean coal mining and clean coal technology 4) development of new and renewable energy 5)integrating industrial base,II New words and expressions centrifugal force离心力, conventional传统,
23、inlet gas入口气体, outlet water quality出水浓度, collection efficiency捕集效率, pressure drop压力降, electrode电极, absorption吸收, adsorption吸附, concentration gradient浓度梯度, oxygenated 充氧的 emission abatement 排放削减,-Environmentally friendly/environmentally sound technology -environmental professionals /experts -to find
24、wide application -the main objectives of the present paper is. -the available technologies -date back to -research on /study on,-at low cost -a detail description of a system/technology/equipment -a research/investigation conducted/undertaken by . -advantages over -in the planning stage III Conventi
25、onal Technology of Particles Pollution Control Technology,1 Cyclones -principal: gravity, centrifugal force -performance :high efficiency on particles 50 micron, 90% collection efficiency, -application: saw mills, detergent manufacture asphalt plants 2 fibric filter -principal: filter -performance:
26、high efficiency, 99.5%,-application: cement factory, smelting operations 3 Wet Scrubber - principal: increase the particles size by combination with liquid droplets(gas/water) -low and high energy scrubber: 1)Spray tower(low energy)2)Venturi scrubber (high energy) -performance: high efficiency, 90-9
27、5% for Spray tower , 99.5% for Venturi,-application: high temperature and humidity gas, Spray tower for incinerator ; Venturi for steel furnance 4 Electrostatic precipitator -principal 1)electrical charging of the suspended particles ; 2) Collection of the charged particles on a grounded surface 3)
28、Removal of the particles from the collecting surface by mechanism scrubbing or flushing with liquids,-performance: 99% collection efficiency -application: fine particles,V Quiz for Unit 7 1 Which of the following is(are) regarded as a component of baghouse filter? a)grounded surface b) hopper c) spr
29、ay tower d) fiber 2 Which of the followings is the most effective to remove fine particles,s)wet scrubber b) cyclone c) electrostatic precipitator d) fibric filter,3 Which of the following is (are )the objective of Life Cycle Analysis a)workshop b) a product c) an organization d) a household 4 The o
30、bjective of clean production is (are ): a) energy efficiency b) emission abatement d) decreased raw material use d) all of the above,Unit 8 New Technology of Air Pollution control,After Unit 8 ,the students should be able to : -understand the concept of biofiltration and its application,I Biolfiltra
31、tion 1 Definition: Biofiltration is the removal and oxidation of organic gas from contaminated air by beds of compost or soil(biofilter media ). 30 years experience in foreign countries, first used in odor control, now used in organic gas pollutant control 2 the principal of biofiltration,Biofiltrat
32、ion uses microorganisms to break down organic compounds (or to transform some inorganic compounds) into carbon dioxide, water and salts. When the biofilter is built, the microorganisms are already on the material that is used as a filter bed.,The biological process is an oxidation by microorganisms,
33、 and can be written as follows: Organic Pollutant + Oxygen - CO2 + H2O + Heat + Biomass The most important component of a biofiltration system is its media.,3 Parameters for basic design: Moisture Content -The moisture content is essential for the biofilter to work at the best of its efficiency. Mic
34、roorganisms need a moist environment. Temperature -Microorganisms operate best between 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C.,UNIT 9 Effects of Air Pollution,After completion of Unit 9, the students should be able to -understand the effects of air pollution on health, plants and animals I Background informa
35、tion 1 Effects on health 1.1Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects.,After completion of Unit 6, the students should be able to -understand the effects of air pollution on health, plants and animals Background information 1 Effects on health 1.1Air
36、 pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects.,1.2Relationship between air pollutants and health effects Particulates vs respiratory, heart disease, bronchitis and pneumonia,asthma, Sulfur oxides vs respiratorory disease CO vs death under high concentration
37、 NOx - damage the lung tissue Photochemical oxidant( ozone) vs coughing, shortness of breath, lung and eye irritation,Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia(肺炎). Long-term health effects can in
38、clude chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys.,Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)vs cancer, adverse neurological, reproductive, and developmental effects. 3 Effects on plants 4 Effects on building materials 5 Effects of atmospheric visibility 6 Effect on Climate and Ecological Environment,
