1、定语从句的用法,Xianghui Gao,LOGO,Examples: This is a red apple. There are twenty students in our class. She is a college graduate. These are the roads leading to the beach. Ive something important to discuss with you.,定语的表示法:,定语可以用以下成分表示: 形容词 代词 数词 名词或名词所有格 分词(短语) 不定式(短语)介词短语 副词 词组或合成词 从句 分词 不定式 P.521-528,
2、定语从句(Atttibutive Clause),含义: 用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。 定语从句一般都放在他所修饰的名(代)词之后,这种名(代)词叫做先行词(antecedent)。 引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。,引导定语从句的关系代词与关系副词: 关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose, as等; 关系副词:when, where, why, whereby.,Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold. 含维生素C的水
3、果可以减轻感冒症状。 (作主语) The lady who was here yesterday is an archaeologist. 昨天来这里的那位女士是位考古学家。 (作主语) The man whom we met yesterday is a famous anthropologist. 昨天我们遇见的那位男士是位著名的人类学家。 (作宾语) That tree, whose branches are almost bare, is a very old one. 那是一株树枝几近光秃的老树。 (做定语),I will never forget the day when we f
4、irst met in the park. 我永远不会忘记我们第一次在公园见面的那一天。 (when作关系副词引导定语从句,在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。) The bookstore where his brother works is the largest one in Beijing. 他兄弟工作的那个书店是北京市最大的。 Do you know the reason why he didnt come to the meeting yesterday morning? 你知道他昨天上午不来开会的原因吗? (注:通常在定语从句中,只要先行词是the reason,它的关系副词就是why
5、, 在口语中常常被that代替或省略。) Give me one reason why we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句:是整个句子中不可缺少的组成部分,去掉后会影响整个句子的意思,所以不用逗号和主句隔开。 1. Astronauts must have the most rigorous training that is especially devised for them. 宇航员必须接受专为他们制定的最严格的训练。,非限制性定语从句:是整个句子中相对较为独立的一部分,是对主句中先行词的补充说明,
6、缺少了也不会影响整个句子的意思,因此总是用逗号和主句隔开。 2.Helen was much kinder to her younest child than she was to the others, which, of course, made the others jealous. 海伦对她最小的孩子比其他的孩子要好,这种做法当然会让其他孩子嫉妒。 (注:关系代词that,关系副词why不可引导非限制性定语从句。),限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,关系代词that与which的区别: I. 只能用that的情况 (1)先行词是不定代词 这些不定代词包括:all, any, mu
7、ch, one, none, few, a few, little, a little等,并包括由其构成的复合词,如something, everything, anything, nothing等。 Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? 李先生讲的你都记下来了嘛? (2) 先行词前有all, any, every, some, (a)few, (a)little, much, no 等词修饰 He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they ne
8、eded. 他呆在图书馆查找他们所需要的资料。,(3)先行词前有下列特殊词时 形容词最高级(best.)、序数词(first.)或the only/next/same/very等词语修饰时。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. (4)当先行词中既包括人又包括物时。 The people and cattle in the village that got sick should be treated. 村中染病的人与牲畜都应得到治疗。,II.只能用which的情况 (1)位于介词后的关系代词只能用which,即“介词+which” The
9、total cultivated area is 13,000 acres, of which 10,000 acres are irrigated fields. 总的开垦过的土地面积为13,000英亩,其中10,000英亩是被灌溉的。 (2)先行词为“those+复数名词(指物)” 之后通常用which. Living in the western part of the country, those problems which we had to face are so huge. 生活在这个国家的西部,我们需要面对的问题是很棘手的。 (3)引导非限制性定语从句用which. Dali
10、an, which is the seaside city of China, is a very fashionable and beautiful place. 大连,中国的海滨城市,是一个非常时尚和美丽的地方。,关系代词as 1.as作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时的位置as的位置比较灵活,可放在句首、句中或句末,一般以逗号与主句分开,用来指代整个主句。 As might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed. 正如预计的那样,对于这个问题的答案是各式各样的。 The British are not so fam
11、iliar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, as is often the case in other countries. 英国人对不同的文化和其他的行为方式不太了解,别的国家的人也是如此。 (注:as作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。as指代整个主句,并且在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。常用的表达方法有:as everybody knows, as you can see, as is usual, as often happens等),2. as引导限制性定语从句时: 常用于“the same+名词+as” 或 “
12、such+名词+as”的结构中,代替前面作先行词的名词。 Hes made the same mistakes as (he did ) last time. 他又犯了和上一次一样的错误。,3.做题时需要注意区别的问题 such.as与 such.that的区别,It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. 这顿饭并没有像她许诺我们的那样好。 We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had. 我们本想给你一个谁也未曾有过的机会。 She made such a
13、 good meal that we all ate far too much. 她做的饭菜极为可口,我们都吃得太饱了。,同位语从句与定语从句的区别:,1. 根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断 that在定语从句中必须担任成分,而在同位语从句中不担任成分。 The news that the leader will come here is not true. 领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 (同位语从句,that 在从句中不充当任何成分) The news that you told me last week is not true. 你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 (定语从句,that在
14、从句中充当told的宾语),2. 根据意思来判断 在关系代词前加is后,如果句子成立就是同位语从句,否则就不是。仍以上面的两个例句为例。 The news that the leader will come here is not true. The news is that the leader will come here。 (句子成立,所以是同位语从句。) The news that you told me last week is not true. The news is that you told me last week is not true. (句子不能成立,所以是定语从句。),3. 根据that 前的名词判断 同位语从句的that前的名词必须是一个表示事实的抽象名词,如fact, news, information, order, belief, reply, answer, saying 等, 而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制,但这一点不是决定因素,主要还要依前面两点来判断。,Thanks for your attention,