1、3.Varieties of Language,Questions,1.In what way can stylistic study help us Cultivate a Sense of Appropriateness 2.In what way can stylistic study help us sharpen the understanding and appreciation of literary works ? 3. In what way can stylistic study help us achieve adaptation in translation ?,Lea
2、d in,Policeman: Whats your name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Dr Poussaint. I am a physician. Policeman: Whats your first name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Alvin,Outline,1. Different views on Varieties 2. Two Kinds of Varieties 3. The Mutual Dependence between two varieties 4. The Social meaning of Languag
3、e varieties 5. Summary,1. Different views on Varieties,Classification according to user, use and social relationsSociolinguist Joshua Fishaman suggested that we consider “who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end.”(1972: 46),Classification 1 Use
4、r: historical varieties, regional dialect, social dialect Use: legal, journalistic, business, scientific, literary Social relations: mediumoral/ written and status/ attitude Quirk et al (Grammar of Contemporary English, 1972: 14): The fact thatthe “Common Core” dominates all the varieties means that
5、, however esoteric or remote a variety may be, it has running through it a set of grammatical and other characteristics that are present in all others. It is presumably this fact that justifies the application of the name “English”.,Classification 2 (张德禄) Personal letters, tourist guide, foreign tra
6、de writing, news reporting, comments, advertising, scientific writing, official document, biography, practical speeches, legal documents, religious writingsClassification 3(侯维瑞) *情景变体：语域 *地方变体：地域方言 *社会变体：社会方言社会阶层、民族、性别、年龄、行业团体、俚语（社会变体与情景变体的混合） *功能变体：功能文体文学、广告、新闻、科技、法律 *时间变体：历代文体,5.美国语言学家Martin Joos根
7、据语体的正式程度把语言分为五类 (1)熟近(intimate) (2)随便(casual) (3)商榷(consultative) (4)正式(formal) (5)僵化(frozen),Partings,Frozen: Farewell, and Godspeed. Formal: Goodbye. We look forward to seeing you again. Consultative: Goodbye. Have a good weekend. Casual: Bye now take care. Intimate: later, darlin.,2.Two kinds of
8、Varieties,2.1 Dialectal Varieties: Dialects2.2 Diatypic Varieties: Registers(P25),2.1. Dialects,Individual Dialects-Idiolect Temporal Dialect： Old English/ Middle English/ Modern English Regional Dialect Social Dialect- Social Economic Status Varieties; Enthic Varieties; Gender Varieties;Age Varieti
9、es Range of intelligibility(可理解性的范围） standard；non-satandard,1) Individual Dialects-IdiolectP. 26,2) Temporal Dialect： Old English (450 - 1150)Middle English (1150 - 1450) (G. Chaucer)Modern English (1450 - present)Early Modern English (1450-1650the language of Shakespeare)Authoritarian English (1650
10、-1800)Mature Modern English (1800-1920)Late Modern English (1920-present),3) Regional Dialect BrE / AmE (PP. 27-28) AmE Pacific northwest (Oregon, Montana) Pacific southwest (California, Nevada) Central plains (Nebraska, Kansas) North central (Minnesota, Dakotas) South central (Kentucky, Tennessee)
11、Southern (Louisiana, Alabama) New England (Maine, New Hampshire) New York City Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, Delaware) Western Pennsylvania Appalachian (Virgina, North Carolina),Also,General American (Standard American) Pacific NW, Pacific SW, Central, North Central Eastern American New England, New Yor
12、k City, Mid-Atlantic, Western Pennsylvania Southern American South Central, Southern, Appalachian,Chinese：,Cantonese 方言,4) Social Dialect,a) Socialeconomic Status Varieties; b) Ethnic Varieties; c) Gender Varieties; d) Age Varieties,a) Socialeconomic Status Varieties/r/ (P. 29)In UK， while economic
13、criteria are one important aspect in determining class, it seems that differences in taste and behavior are at least as significant for people in deciding whether they and others belong to a particular class.,b) Ethnic Varieties,Hispanic English Affected by first language Asian English Affected by f
14、irst language African-American Dialect Black English (P. 30),c) Gender Varieties,P. 31 Language may have a direct relationship with gender, but language forms generally have a range of associations (for instance with status and power) which may in turn be related to gender.,Differences between male
15、and female speech (Ten features of womens language use)(Lakoff,1975):,1. hedge (sort of, kind of); 2. use (super) polite forms, indirect (would you please? Id really appreciate.); 3. use tag questions (.arent you?.isnt it?); 4. speak in italics (emphatic so and very, intonational emphasis); 5. use r
16、edundant adjectives (terrific, charming, divine, sweet, adorable );,6. use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation (including ungrammatical forms, like between you and I standard syntax = between you and me); 7. are poor at recounting jokes ; 8. use direct quotation; 9. use specific lexical terms (e.
17、g. of colour); 10. use intonation for questions in declarative contexts.,d) Age Varieties,Difference in vocabulary,5) standard；non-standard,P.31Standard AmEStandard BrE RP,2.2 Registers,What is Register? Distinctive varieties of language used in different types of situation. Field of Discourse (diff
18、erent social activities) Mode of Discourse (medium) Tenor of Discourse ( attitude),语域(register)就是指语言随着使用场合环境不同而区分的语言变体,是指在特定的语言环境中使用的、有一定的语言特征的语言变体。(侯瑞德,1988:9) 语域指语言使用场合、环境不同而区分的语言变体，指在特定的语言环境中使用的、有一定语言特征的语言变体。,A kind of situational factor concerned with the users and receivers relationships to (i)
19、 experience, (ii) to each other and (iii) to the medium of transmission.,韩礼德将决定情景语境（语域）的因素归纳为三个变项：语场、语旨和语式。 语场指语言发生的时间、地点、话题和交际目的等，根据话题可分为不同学科、领域、行业的语域。 语旨指交际参与者之间的角色关系，包括他们的社会地位和交际态度等。 语式指语言交际的渠道或媒介以及修辞方式，可分为书面语体和口语体、正式语体和非正式语体、自然语和人工语等。语域三变量中任一发生改变，都会导致语域发生变化。语域并非虚无缥缈，而是在任何一个语篇中都可以找到具体的语域标志。这些标志主要
20、蕴涵于词法语法层。,语域:我们讲的和写的语言将随着情景的变化而变化(胡壮麟等),2.2 Register,Field of Discourse Mode of Discourse Tenor of Discourse,Field of Discourse (different social activities,Linguistic reflection of the purposive role of the language,- the type of social activity in which language plays a part, eg: gardening, footba
21、ll playing, a chat over a cup of tea, a seminar about relativity, a book on yoga etc. Subject matter: technical to non-technical Language Function http:/ serves a number of functions in social activities. Linguists have come up with different numbers of functions. The widely accepted functions are:
22、referential, expressive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic.,The function of the following?,Eg: 1) Weather: Asia: Typoon Warren moves 850 miles east of Manila. Europe: Cloudy, cool with some showers in central, North. U.S.A:Thunderstorms from Texas Plains to New England. Heat continues. Col
23、or maps. PAGE 10. ( USA Today),2) My, what a thunderstorm!” 3) “Mummy, may I go swimming this afternoon?” “A thunderstorm is coming up, John” 4) Thunderstorm refers to a storm caused by strong rising air currents and characterized by thunder and lightning and usually heavy rain or hail.,6) A flea an
24、d a fly in a flue were imprisioned, so what could they do? Said the fly“let us flee,” Said the flea,”Let us fly” So they flew through a flaw in the flue. 7)The cake smells nice!,Mode of Discourse (media),Linguistic reflection of the relationship that language user has to the medium of communication.
25、 Spoken English Written English: texts written to be spokentexts written to be read,Tenor of Discourse (attitude),The linguistic reflection of the personal relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader -called Personal tenor and of what the user is trying to do with language for /to his or
26、her addressees-called Functional Tenor,TENOR OF DISCOURSE is the linguistic inflection of the personal relationships PERSONAL TENOR: linguistic reflection of the personal relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader FUNCTIONAL TENOR : linguistic reflection of the personal relationships of
27、what the user is trying to do with language for/to his or her addressee (s),Personal Tenor,Degree of Formality (p36) Greetings Farewell Good morning Good morning Good afternoon Good afternoon Hi. (Bye-) byeSee youSo longWay of addressing people,Numbers: 22 May, 2009; p23;$88; 80%; Chapter 15; Melody
28、, thanks for all the beautiful pictures of Niagara Falls! They are truly stunning to see! The weather has turned extremely cold again here. It has been blowing freezing cold snow and is about -10 degrees today! On Wednesday evening when I came out of class, I discovered about a great pile of snow co
29、vering my car! What a shock! Apparently there will be a radical change by Sunday, and it is supposed to be plus 12! Love, Virginia,Summary *Field of discourse话语范围: users experience实际发生的事情,包括语言发生的环境,谈话的话题, 以及参与讲话者的整个活动,根据话题可分为不同学科,领域,行业的语域谈话题材，政治、科技、宗教、家庭事务 *Mode of discourse话语方式: mediumspoken/writte
30、n语言交际形式，语言交际的渠道或媒介,包括修辞方式,可分为书面语体和口语体,正式语体和非正式语体 *Tenor of discourse话语意旨: addressee relationshipwhat the user is trying to do with languagepurposes参与讲话者之间的角色关系,包括它们的社会地位,以及说话者的态度和想要实施的意图语言的正式程度，超正式体、正式体、亲密体、随便体 语域标记(register marker )，语音，词汇，语法，句子和段落,3. The Mutual Dependence between two varieties,(p38
31、),4.The Social meaning of Language varieties,(p39),Dialect and Register Deviation http:/ 7mins,5. Summary,Varieties are mutually related in three ways.(1) Mutual dependence, the use of one specific variety presupposes the use of another, for example, the use of legal language presupposes the use of
32、formal English. (2) Probable co-occurrence, certain types of varieties tend to co-occur with one another, for example, regional dialects are often found in spoken form, and advertising language is often informal and familiar. (3) Highly improbable co-occurrence, certain types of varieties are incompatible. It is extremely odd to use formal language on a football field or use informal language in legal proceedings.,Thank you!_,
