1、http:/ http:/ energy used in civil construction and development of Chinese and English translation 摘要： 现代社会应是节约型的社会，而社会生活也应是节约能耗的生活。与此同时温家宝总理也于 2005 年 6 月 30 日提出并强调加快建设节约型社会的方针。而太阳能作为一种取之不尽的新型环保能源已成为世界各国世界上能源研究工作中的一个重要课题。是我国在经济现状下采取的较为简单、经济、环保、可靠的建筑采暖及供热节能措施。本文总结了太阳能在民用建筑中的利用并对今后的开发和利用提出了一些见解.Abstra
2、ct: modern society should be a conservation-minded society, life and social life should also be saving energy consumption. At the same time also on June 30, 2005, premier wen jiabao put forward guidelines and stressed that to speed up the construction of a conservation-oriented society. And solar en
3、ergy as an inexhaustible new energy of environmental protection has become a world power in the world is an important subject in research work. Is taken under the economic situation in China is relatively simple, economic, environmental protection, reliable construction heating and heating energy sa
4、ving measures. In civil building, this paper summarizes the solar energy utilization and the future development and utilization of some opinions are put forward. 关键词： 太阳能 新能源 太阳能采暖 太阳能建筑Keywords: solar new energy solar heating solar building 太阳能作为一种热辐射能源，是一种无污染的清洁能源，对于太阳能的开发利用已经成为世界各国索取和利用新能源，进行节能、环
5、保的重要研究项目之一，取得了较大的进展并已进入实用阶段。近几年随着我国经济的快速发展和对环境保护的重视，特别是在今年提出的建设节约型社会的方针后，太阳能作为一种取之不尽用之不竭的新型环保新能源，一种较为简单、经济、环保、可靠的改善建筑环境的方法，一种很适合我国经济现状的采暖及供热方式，在我国得到了大力的推广和广泛的使用。Solar energy as a kind of thermal radiation energy, it is a kind of non-pollution clean energy, for the development and utilization of sola
6、r energy has become the worlds countries to obtain and make use of new energy and for energy saving, environmental protection one of the important http:/ http:/ projects, has made great progress and has entered the practical stage. In recent years, with the rapid development of our economy and the a
7、ttention to environmental protection, especially in this year, put forward the construction of economical society policy, solar energy as an inexhaustible new energy of environmental protection, a kind of relatively simple, economic, and environmental protection, reliable way to improve construction
8、 environment, a kind of very suitable for heating and heating mode of economy in our country, in our country has been vigorously promoted and widely used. 1 主动式太阳能采暖1 active solar heating 主动式太阳能采暖主要是通过集热装置来吸收太阳能并由热媒将所吸收的热量送入储热装置并加以利用。它对太阳能的利用效率较高，不仅可以供暖、供应热水，还能用于制冷等方面，但存在阴雨天气集热效率严重下降等缺点。近几年已在我国的城乡得到
9、了广泛的推广与使用。Active solar heating mainly through heating device to absorb solar energy and the heat medium will be absorbed into the heat storage device and take advantage of. It the use of solar energy efficiency is high, can not only supply heating, hot water, refrigeration, etc., can also be used fo
10、r wet weather but there are shortcomings and so on collection efficiency serious decline. In recent years has been in our countrys urban and rural areas has been widely promotion and use. 1.1 太阳能热水器系统1.1 solar water heater system 在民用建筑中主要使用的是热度不高的热水，而将太阳能转化为温度不高的热水只要用简单的装置即可实现，因此被广泛采用。供应热水可以采取集中的方式，
11、也可以用于单独的住宅中。集中供应热水，需要有一定物业投资，可以采取染油或燃气锅炉的作为辅助加热系统，可以取得显著的经济和社会效益，适用于人口较集中的城镇小区、宾馆等民用建筑。单独供应热水，设备简单，不需要专门的管理人员，适用于城乡各类民用建筑。目前在我国市场上常见的太阳热水器按其集热装置的不同分为以下几类:Mainly used in residential construction is the hot water temperature is not high, and the hot water of solar energy can be converted to temperatur
12、e is not high as long as with a simple device can be realized, so widely used. May adopt the centralized hot water supply, can also be used to separate http:/ http:/ the residence. Concentrated supply of hot water and need to have a certain property investment, can take to dye oil or gas boiler as t
13、he auxiliary heating system, can achieve remarkable economic and social benefits, is suitable for the population is relatively concentrated urban residential area, hotel, etc. Civil construction. Separate, hot water supply device is simple, does not need special management personnel, suitable for ur
14、ban and rural areas all kinds of civil construction. At present the common solar water heater market in our country according to the heating device is divided into the following categories: 1.1.1 平板式热水器1.1.1 plate type water heater 由平板式太阳能集热装置和储热水箱组成，一般采用自然循环运行方式。热效率高，金属管板式结构、免维护、长寿命、性价比高。对于珠江流域等冬天不
15、结冰的南方地区，选取用平板式太阳能集热器是非常合适的。平板型太阳能集热器的缺点是不抗冻。By the plate type solar heating device and a heat storage water tank, generally USES natural circulation operation. High thermal efficiency, tube plate structure, maintenance-free, long life, cost-effective. Does not freeze in winter, such as pearl river b
16、asin south, select use flat plate solar collector is very appropriate. Defect is not frost resistance of flat-plate solar collector. 1.1.2 真空管热水器 1.1.2 vacuum tube water heater 由真空管太阳能集热装置和储热水箱构成，一般采用自然对流换热。真空集热管不但热损系数小，而且性价比也比热管、U 型管等要高。对于长江、黄河流域冬天会结冰但冬天气温高于-20C 的地区，选用真空管太阳能集热器是比较合适的，既可以抗冻又具有较好的集热能
17、力，但是真空管太阳能集热器的主要缺点是：不承压、易结水垢、易爆裂。By the vacuum tube solar collector device and heat storage water tank, generally USES natural convective heat transfer. Vacuum tube-a not only small heat loss coefficient, and the price is higher than heat pipe, u-shaped tube, etc. For the Yangtze river and Yellow Ri
18、ver basin, but winter freezes in winter the temperature is higher than 20 C area, selection of vacuum tube solar http:/ http:/ is more appropriate, either antifreeze has better ability of heat set again, but the main drawback of vacuum tube solar collector is: dont pressure, easy to scale, easy to b
19、urst. 1.1.3 闷晒式热水器1.1.3 stuffy dry type water heater 是集集热与贮热为一体的整体式热水器，一般由二至三个涂黑的圆筒组成，维护方便，结构简单、造价低廉，缺点是夜间散热大，热水不能过夜使用且在冬季也不能使用。目前在中国的产量正在逐步的减少，但在农村有较大的应用面积。Chi-chi is hot water heater with thermal storage as one of the integral, generally composed of two to three coated black cylinder, convenient m
20、aintenance, simple structure, low cost, the disadvantage is that heat at night, hot water cannot be used for the night and cant use in winter. The production in China is gradually reduced, but in the rural area have larger application. 1.1.4 热管式热水器1.1.4 heat pipe type water heater 由热管太阳能集热装置和储热水箱构成，
21、一般采用自然对流换热。具在-40的低温状态下也不会冻裂，热管内介质工作压力低，即使管壁温度高达 300，也不会“爆管”。对于东北、内蒙、新疆等冬季气温低于-20 地区的选用热管式热水器就比较适合。但缺点是热管的造价过高且热效率较低。By the heat pipe solar collector device and heat storage water tank, generally USES natural convective heat transfer. In to 40 low temperature condition will not frost crack, low heat
22、pipe work within the medium pressure, even if the tube wall temperature is as high as 300 , also not “tube“. In northeast China, Inner Mongolia, xinjiang and other winter temperature below 20 region the selection of heat pipe type water heater is more suitable. But the disadvantage is that the cost
23、is too high and the thermal efficiency of heat pipe is low. 1.1.5 U 型管热水器1.1.5 u-shaped tube water heater U 型管式太阳集热器主要针对于温度要求较高温度工业热水，一般温度在 70-90C，它不http:/ http:/ tubular solar collectors are mainly in high temperature industrial hot water temperature, average temperature in 70-90 C, it not only can
24、 be pressure and water temperature is high, the price is lower than heat pipe. But less in civil construction applications. 1.1.6 其他类型热水器1.1.6 other type water heater 热管真空管热水器、真空管闷晒式热水器、U 型管式真空管等，其原理不过是前面几种集热方式的综合，这里不再做专门的论述。Heat pipe vacuum tube water heater, water heater, vacuum tube stuffy dry ty
25、pe u-shaped tubular vacuum tubes, etc. Its principle is just in front of the synthesis, several methods of collection hot here no longer do specifically. 1.2 太阳能热泵采暖系统1.2 the solar heat pump heating system 太阳能热泵采暖系统一般是指利用以太阳能直接辐射能量和空气中所储存的太阳能为作为蒸发器热源，辅以少量的电能驱动太阳能热泵而将换热器作为冷凝器的采暖系统。并可与制冷系统相结合用于夏季制冷。太阳
26、能热泵采暖系统主要由热泵机组、辅助热源系统和太阳能集热系统三部分组成。太阳能集热板放置于室外平地或屋顶，板内有制冷剂流动，通过吸收太阳辐射能和空气中的热能汽化，再经压缩机压缩制热后，与管壳式热交换器中的水换热，将水加热到 60用于供暖或生活用水。冬季太阳辐射量较小，环境温度很低，使用热泵进行太阳能低温集热，直接收集太阳能进行采暖。太阳能热泵采暖系统主要特点是花费少量电能就可以得到几倍于电能的热量，同时可以有效地利用低温热源，这是太阳能采暖的一种有效手段。例如利用双向式热泵技术，冬天向建筑供暖，投入 1KWH 的电力，可得到约 4KWH 的热能，夏天在向建筑提供冷能的同时提供卫生热水，投入 1K
27、WH 的电力，可得到约 7KWH 的热能和冷能。热泵供热系统节能高达 70%，节能效果非常显著。Solar heat pump heating system generally refers to the use of solar direct radiation and air storage of solar energy for evaporator of heat, supplemented by a small amount of electrical energy to drive the solar heat pump and the heating of the heat ex
28、changer as the condenser system. And can be combined with a refrigerating system used for summer cooling. Solar heat pump heating system is mainly composed of heat pump units, auxiliary heat source system, and solar heating http:/ http:/ of three parts. Solar panels placed on the ground or roof, out
29、door boards inside the refrigerant flow, by absorbing the sun radiant energy and heat evaporation in the air, the compressor compressed again after heating, the water in the heat exchanger of shell and tube heat exchanger, the water is heated to a temperature of 60 for heating and domestic water. Wi
30、nter less solar radiation, ambient temperature is low, using heat pump for low temperature solar energy collection hot, directly to collect solar energy for heating. Solar heat pump heating system main characteristic is to spend a small amount of electricity can be several times the energy of heat,
31、can effectively use low temperature heat source at the same time, it is a kind of effective means of solar heating. Using two-way type heat pump technology, for example, in the winter for heating buildings, input 1 KWH of electricity, about 4 KWH of thermal energy is available, the cold summer in of
32、fering construction can provide sanitary hot water at the same time, in 1 KWH of electricity, can get around 7 KWH can heat and cold. Heat pump heating system energy saving up to 70%, energy-saving effect is very significant. 2 被动式太阳能采暖Passive solar heating 最简单的被动式太阳能设计是那种之间获得式设计，即让阳光直接照射到建筑上并加热它。太阳
33、光的热量储存在建筑物固有的蓄热体里，如混凝土、大理石地面或是石墙，都能储存并缓慢地释放热量。被动式太阳能采暖一个共同特征就是,朝南开一扇大窗,并采用保温性能好的建筑材料做墙体，且蓄热体一般置于这种好的保温材料做成的隔热墙之中。蓄热体一般指可以储存热量的集热体，多采用附属于隔热墙的形式存在于建筑物的墙体之间。隔热墙是由 8 到 16 英寸厚涂黑的石墙、热吸收材料、覆盖并距涂黑石墙 3/4 到 6 英寸距离的单层或双层玻璃。太阳光的热被储存在玻璃和黑材料之间的空气中，通过涂黑的石墙慢慢地传导到建筑物的内部。The simplest passive solar design is obtained
34、between the type design, which makes direct sunlight on the buildings and heating it. Rays from the suns heat stored in the structures inherent in the regenerator, such as concrete, marble floor or wall, can be stored and slowly release the heat. Passive solar heating of a common characteristic is t
35、hat a large window opens to the south, and USES the building material with good thermal insulation performance of walls, and the regenerator is general in this kind of good insulation materials insulation wall. Regenerator can http:/ http:/ refers to store heat of the heating body, more in the form
36、of attached to the heat insulation wall lie between the walls of buildings. Heat insulation wall is painted by 8 to 16 inches thick black stone wall, heat absorption material, cover and painted black stone 3/4 to 6 inches and single or double glass. Rays from the suns heat is stored in the air betwe
37、en glass and HeiCaiLiao, slowly through the stone walls of the blackening conduction to the interior of the building. 3 太阳能发电系统Three solar power systems 家庭太阳能发电系统主要由逆变器、控制器、蓄电池组成，其光电转换率可达到 19%-35%。逆变器是光伏发电系统的核心部件，负责把直流电转换为交流电以供交流负荷使用。控制器对所发的电能进行调节和控制，一方面把调整后的能量送往直流负载或交流负载，另一方面把多余的能量送往蓄电池组储存，当所发的电不能满
38、足负载需要时，控制器又把蓄电池的电能送往负载。蓄电池充满电后，控制器要控制蓄电池不被过充电。当蓄电池所储存的电能放完时，控制器要控制蓄电池不被过放电，保护蓄电池，同时并网市政供电系统，保证用户的正常用电。Home solar power system is mainly composed of inverter, controller, battery, its photoelectric conversion rate can reach 19% 35%. Inverter is the core component of photovoltaic power generation syst
39、em, is responsible for the convert direct current (dc) to alternating current (ac) used for ac load. Controller to regulate and control of all electricity, on the one hand, the adjusted energy to dc load and ac load, the extra energy to the battery storage, on the other hand, when the electricity ca
40、nnot meet the needs of the load, the controller and the battery power to the load. After the battery fully charged, the controller to control the storage battery is not charging. When stored electricity to put the battery, the controller to control the storage battery not be discharge, protect the accumulator, the interconnection of municipal power supply system at the same time, guarantee the users normal use electricity.
