1、一、汉译英原文:The recent developmentof various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. 译文:各种调制方法，如 PCM 和 PPM，能够完成带宽与信噪比的交换，它们的发展增强了通信理论的重要性。 原文:A basis for such a theory is contained in
2、the important papers of Nyquist and Hartley on the subject. 译文:在本学科，Nyquist 和 Hartley 的重要论文中包含了这种理论的基础。 原文:In this paper we will extend the theory to include a number of new factor, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and the savings possible due to the statistical structure of the ori
3、ginal message and due to the nature of the final destination of information. 译文:在本文中，我们将这些理论进行扩展，包括许多新的因素，尤其是信道中噪声的影响，以及可能由于原始信息的统计结构和信宿的特性所导致的信息存储。 原文:The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. 译文
4、:通信的基本问题是如何在一点精确或近似的再生来自另一点的消息。 原文: Frequently the messages have meaning, that is they refer to or are correlated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual entities. 译文:消息通常有具体含义，按照一定的物理或概念实体，其含义与这些系统相互关联。 原文:These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineerin
5、g problem. A significant aspect is that the actual message is one selected from a set of possible messages. 译文:这些通信的语义方面与工程问题不相干。一个重要的方面是那个实际的消息是从一组可能的消息中选出来的。 原文:These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem. A significant aspect is that the actual message is one
6、 selected from a set of possible messages. 译文:这些通信的语义方面与工程问题不相干。一个重要的方面是那个实际的消息是从一组可能的消息中选出来的。 原文:The system must be designed to operate for each possible selection, not just the one which will actually be chosen since this is unknown at the time of design. 译文:系统必须被设计成为每个可能的选择进行运行，而不仅仅是那个实际上将被抽中的，因为
7、这在设计时是未知的。 原文:If the number of messages in the set is finite then this number or any monotonic function of the number can be regarded as a measure of the information produced when one message is chosen from the set, all choices being equally like. 译文:如果集合中消息的数量是有限的，那么当一个消息被从所有的选择是等概的集合中抽出时，这个数或这个数的任
8、何单调函数可被认为是信息的度量。 原文:As was pointed out by Hartley the most natural choice is the logarithmic function. 译文:如 Hartley 所指出的，最自然的选择是个对数函数。 原文: Although this definition must be generalized considerably when we consider the influence of the statistics of the message and when we have a continuous range of
9、messages, we will in all cases use an essentially logarithmic measure. 译文:当考虑到这个消息统计的改变并且已知信息的连续范围，尽管这个定义必须相当广义，但不论什么情况下本质上我们都将使用对数测量。 原文:The logarithmic measure is more convenient for various reasons: 1.It is practically more useful. Parameters of engineering importance such as time, bandwidth, the
10、 number of relays,etc.,tend to vary linearly with the logarithm of the number of possibilities. 译文:对数度量非常方便，理由如下： 1.对数度量在实践中应用广泛。工程的重要参数随数据概率的对数而线性改变。如时间、带宽、继电器数，等等。 原文:For example, adding one relay to a group doubles the number of possible states of the relays. It adds 1 to the base 2 logarithm of
11、this number. Doubling the time roughly squares the number of possible messages, or doubles the logarithm, etc. 译文:例如，加一个继电器到一个组中会使继电器组的可能状态的数量翻倍。因为增加了 1 到这个以 2 为底的数的对数。时间翻倍大约是消息概率的平方，或对数翻倍，等等。 原文:2. It is nearer to our intuitive feeling as to the proper measure. This is closely related to (1) since
12、we intuitively measures entities by linear comparison with common standards. 译文:2.对数更接近我们本身的直观感受。这与（1）紧密相关，由于相比于通用标准我们是线性直观地测量实体对象。 原文:One feels,for example,that two punched cards should have twice the capacity of one for information storage, and two identical channels twice the capacity of one for
13、transmitting information. 译文:这是一种感觉，例如，两张穿孔卡片比一张具有有两倍信息贮存量，以及两个单一信道比起单信道具有两倍的传输信息容量。 原文:3.It is mathematically more suitable. Many of the limiting operations are simple in terms of the logarithm but would require clumsy restatement in terms of the number of possibilities. 译文:3.它在数学上更合适。许多受限操作在对数上是简单
14、的，然而是数的概率需要笨拙的描述。二、汉译英（网上只找到了中文，大家自己拖到网上用软件翻译吧）微电子学主要是使常规电路微型化。比如一个运算放大器，包括许多彼此互连的分立器件，有二极管，电阻，象这样一个完整的电路，可以制作在一个很小的基片上。这个完整的微型化的电路就称之为集成电路（IC）IC 体积小，重量轻，坚固耐用，稳定可靠。它们比同等宏观电路（分立元件电路）需要更少的功耗和更低的电压。因此，它们可以工作在更低的温度下，而在这种温度下，分立器件可能都不能正常工作，因为温度没有达到正常工作温度范围。相应地，几乎不会产生寄生电容和延时，因为在 IC 中，器件之间地互联非常短。维护起来跟简单，因为，
15、如果在一个 IC 里边地器件坏了，通常用一个新的 IC 来替换坏的。表面技术的大规模生产技术已经降低了许多 IC 的成本，因此，它们就跟单个晶体管一样便宜。最后的结果就是，大部分常用的分立器件电路被 IC 所取代。大多数的电路都是由有源器件组成，比如，晶体管、二极管，还有电阻和电容，电阻起偏置、集电极负载以及阻抗变换的作用，电容起隔直通交的作用。每一个器件能够被制作在一个适合于 IC 的形状里边，这种形状是有限制的，比如，电容就不能太大。一些器件，像电感或大的电容，制作在一个合适的形状里边就很困难。通常，一些可以替代的电路形式可以被设计，可以去掉以上那些不宜集成的器件，否则这些器件只能作为集总
16、元件放在 IC的外部。Microelectronics is mainly to make the conventional circuit miniaturization. For example, an operational amplifier, discrete devices, including many interconnected with a diode, resistor, such as a complete circuit, can be fabricated on a substrate is very small. The complete circuit mini
17、aturization is called integrated circuit (IC)IC has the advantages of small volume, light weight, firm and durable, stable and reliable. They are more than the same macro circuit (discrete component circuit) voltage requires less power consumption and lower. Therefore, they can work at lower tempera
18、ture, and the temperature, discrete devices may not work, because the temperature is not reached normal operating temperature range. Accordingly, almost no parasitic capacitance and time delay, because in IC, the interconnection between devices is very short. The maintenance and simple, because, if
19、in a IC inside the device to replace the bad bad, usually with a new IC. Mass production technology of surface technology have reduced the number of IC cost, therefore, they are just like a single transistor cheap. The final result is, the most commonly used discrete device circuit is replaced by IC
20、.Most of the circuit is formed, composed of active devices such as transistors, diodes, and resistors, and capacitors, resistors, and biased collector load impedance transformation, a vibration through the role of capacitor. Each device can be produced in a suitable for the shape of the IC inside, t
21、he shape is limited, for example, the capacitance is not too big. Some devices, like the inductor and capacitor or large, made in a proper shape inside is very difficult. Usually, some alternative circuit form can be designed, can get rid of those shoulds not be integrated device, otherwise these de
22、vices only as a lumped element on the external IC.Microelectronics is mainly to make the conventional circuit miniaturization. For example, an operational amplifier, discrete devices, including many interconnected with a diode, resistor, such as a complete circuit, can be fabricated on a substrate i
23、s very small. The complete circuit miniaturization is called integrated circuit (IC)IC has the advantages of small volume, light weight, firm and durable, stable and reliable. They are more than the same macro circuit (discrete component circuit) voltage requires less power consumption and lower. Th
24、erefore, they can work at lower temperature, and the temperature, discrete devices may not work, because the temperature is not reached normal operating temperature range. Accordingly, almost no parasitic capacitance and time delay, because in IC, the interconnection between devices is very short. T
25、he maintenance and simple, because, if in a IC inside the device to replace the bad bad, usually with a new IC. Mass production technology of surface technology have reduced the number of IC cost, therefore, they are just like a single transistor cheap. The final result is, the most commonly used di
26、screte device circuit is replaced by IC.Most of the circuit is formed, composed of active devices such as transistors, diodes, and resistors, and capacitors, resistors, and biased collector load impedance transformation, a vibration through the role of capacitor. Each device can be produced in a sui
27、table for the shape of the IC inside, the shape is limited, for example, the capacitance is not too big. Some devices, like the inductor and capacitor or large, made in a proper shape inside is very difficult. Usually, some alternative circuit form can be designed, can get rid of those shoulds not be integrated device, otherwise these devices only as a lumped element on the external IC.论文自己百度去吧，没答案。
