1、先行词指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。关系词关系词常有 3 个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替先行词。在定语从句中担当一个成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般 who 做主语或宾语 whom 作为宾语，whose 作为定语（whom，whose 不可省略）。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语（where）时间状语（when），原因状语（why ）。定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）汉语中常用“的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词、代词、数词、分词、副
2、词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“The man”、“The book”。如“ 那个穿着西装的人是我爸爸” 这就是一个定语从句。1 关系代词关系代词引导定语从句，它们所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致。1.1 who, whom, that这些词代替指人，“whom”作宾语指人，“ who“和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也
3、可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）（2）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。1.2 which、 that 用来指物(用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略），例如：（1）The pros
4、perity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that 在从句中作主语）（2）The package (which / that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。（which / that 在从句中作宾语）1.3 whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）例：A child whose parents are dead is called an
5、 orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。（“whose”表示那个孩子的双亲）He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。（“whose”表示那个房子的窗户）关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人，“which” 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从省略。eg：This is the book （which）you want.2. 不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“wh”放在它原来的位置。3. 代表物时多这时的
6、 that 常被省略；c）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；e）整个句中前面已有“which”，“wh”行关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）when=during/ on/ in/ which（介词同先行词搭配）1. “where”是关系副词，当然也不用“that”引导。By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。I still reme
7、mber the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 他每次出差都带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everythin
8、g 或 nothing 时，常用“there is”开头。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。1.4 关系词选择只用 that 不用 which（1）当先行词是或被 序数词，最高级，不定代词修饰时，关系词用 that 不用 which。（2）当先行词既有人又有物时，用 that。（3）当先行词带有 the only,the very,the same,the last,the one 等词时，用 that 不用 which。（4）当
9、主句中有 who 或 which 时，为避免重复用 that。只用 who 不用 that如果先行词是 those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one 时用 who 不用 that。只用 which 不用 that1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用 which。This the one of which Im speaking2）非限定性定语从句，用 which。3) 描述句中一般用 which。Beijing，which was Chinas capital for more than 800years4） those +复数名词之后，多用 which .
10、Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best注意（1）there be 句型中，指人用 who 指物用 that。（2）当主句中缺少主语或表语时，用 the one。2 关系副词2.1 关系副词 why关系副词 why 主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是 the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。She didnt tell me the reason why she refus
11、ed the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。与关系副词 when 和 where 不同，why 可以换成 that 或省略。如：Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。另外，与关系副词 when 和 where 可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why 只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reas
12、on why he lost his job was that he drank.2.2 关系副词 when关系副词 when 主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be bette
13、r. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词 when 来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分 如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用 when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用 when，而要用 that, which 等。如：Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词 that / which 在定语从句中用作动词 told 的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。2.3 关系副词 where关系
14、副词 where 主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。与前面 when 的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词 where 来引导定语从句，同时还要
15、看它在定语从句中充当什么成分 如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用 where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用 where，而要用 that, which 等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。关系代词 that / which 在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意，where 有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。There are cases wher
16、e the word “mighty”is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty 一词可用作副词。He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。3 详细介绍3.1 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如 The ho
17、use,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden. 我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。3. 非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes
18、 to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用于在从句中做主语（1）The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。（2）Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人。whom 指人注意：关系代词“whom” 在口语和非正式语体中常用“who” 代替，可省略。如果在从句中做宾语，就用“whom” 或“
19、who”。He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人。You just met the person who was my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友。which 、 that 通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表所有。 （1）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生。（2）I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中。“whose”指物时通常以以下结构来代替
20、：（3）Football is the game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏。（4）This is the pen（which ）he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔。that 指人时相当于“who”或者“whom”；指物时，相当于“which”当前头有最高级序数词“all”不定代词时必须用“that”。在定语从句中做主语、表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。（5）The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one
21、million. 每年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了 100 万。（6）Where is the man this morning? 今天早上这个男人在哪？when 指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用。（1）(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.why 指原因在定语从句中做原因状语。（1）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.（2）I dont
22、know the reason why he looks when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.3.2 介词和关系代词1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2） “that”前“Do you”作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如：（1）The school（that/which）he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略。= The school in which he once studied is very fam
23、ous.“which”不可省略。（2）Tomorrow I will bring here 用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等。T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.（T=正确）F This is the watch for which I am looking.（F=错误）2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用“whom”，不可用“who” 或者“that”；指物时用“which” ，不能用“that”；关系代词是所有格时用“whose”（1）The man with whom yo
24、u talked is my friend.（T）The man famous.（2）I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.关系代词关系代词（一般情况下）“that”可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。“which”指物，在从句句中作主语；“whom”在从句中作宾语；“why”在从句中修语，先行词通常是“the reason”；有时“why”也可用“for+which”代替。例：A doctor who looks after peoples health.主语 谓语 先行词 定
25、语从句修饰先行词判断介词和关系代词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 判断改错:（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is
26、 the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 例. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one,解析： 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不
27、对，所以选 A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（“where”地点状语，“when”时间状语，“why”原因状语）。3.3 先行词和关系词1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here.（“Whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替）2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （
28、“what”可以用“all that”代替）但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。An invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案 C。此为非限定性从句，不能用“that”修饰，而用“which”、“it”和“he”都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选“he”句意
29、不通。2） The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案 B英语语法上行不通。3） It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案 B “as”和“which”在引导非限宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： （1）importance to me, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里，有
30、些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用“who / whom”。（2）动词短语先行成分。这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词“do”和“as / which”一起代替。“do” 可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。（3）句子作先行成分。这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置。由于先行成分的构成
31、成分”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容质的 which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊。3. 句子作先行成分时：“as” 特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定“s” 特殊定语从句与否定词的相对中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律 ”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如 natural, known to all, usual 等。4. 有无状语意要是方式
32、状语意义，而“which” 特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定四、关系代词“as”与“which”一词。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.1). “Which”作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词“be” 省略。2). “as”和“which” 都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3). “as”和“which” 在特殊从句中作补语。如：We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓
33、倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用“which”而不用“as”。如：He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.5.“as“ 用法：1).“as“引导限制性定语从句a.“suchas“He is not such a fool as he looks.I have never heard such a story as he tells.b.“the same as“This is the same book as I lost last week.(区分“the same.as“与“th
34、e samethat“：两者都引导定语从句。that 从句中说明的名词与 the same 修饰的名词是同一个。as 从句中说明的名词与 the same 修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。举例：This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。)c.“as.as“As many children as came were given some cakes.2).“as“引导非限制性定语从句常用句式:as is said above 综上所述as is kn
35、own to all 众所周知as is often the case 通常如此as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的6. “which”在特殊从定法（1）不用 that 的情况 （a）在引导非限定性定语从句时。（错）The tree, which is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. （b）介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our fo
36、od from.（2）只能用 “that”作为定语如“last,just” 修饰时，只用“that”。 （d）先行词为序数词、数容词，又有物时。（f）先行词指物，在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”时，“that”可作关系副词，也可省略。（h）主句的主语是疑问词“who /which”时，避免重复要用 “that”举例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的书吗？Who that break the window should be punished谁打碎了窗户谁该受罚。 All that is
37、 needed is a supply of oil.所需的 everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。定语从句只能“that” 引导的情况： 1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.3、先行词是不定代词时，如“all 、few、little、much、any
38、thing、nothing 、something“This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.4.、先行词既有人又有物时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?5、先行词被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”等修饰He is the only person that l want to talk to.6、在以 “which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用 “that“Who is th
39、e man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?7、 “there be”句型中8、先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语是宜用“that”“that”在作宾语时可省略。（五）区分定语从句和同位语从句1、定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系。（1）The planeis clear. 同位语从句2、定语从句由关系代 for advice.（3）The fact that the moon moves around the earth is
40、known to all.（4）The fact is that the moon moves around the earth.定语从句 介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系副词不能省略。2） “that”前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词 +关系词“ 结构可以同关系副词“when”和“where” 互换。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day
41、 on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Do you remember the day when you joined our club？4 误区提醒1.当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时，要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词，反之，则用关系代词。典型例题：I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when； which B. which；when C. what；that D. on which；when解析：两个先行词 the day 都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词 when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词 spent 的宾语,因此要用关系代词 which 或 that 来引导定语从句。答案：A2.当主语为物时，不能用 what。3.there be 句型中，指人用 who 指物用 that。4.当主句中缺少主语或表语时，用 the one。5.当出现先行词 +介词时，关系词只能用 whom 或 which。6.当出现先行词 +介词时，注意判断介词于从句谓语是否有关系，以确定为定语从句。
