1、语法 动词不定式讲义动词不定式的用法：动词不定式在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。动词不定式的基本形式：一般形式 to do 一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后否定形式 not to do被动形式 to be done进行形式 to be doing进行式表示的动作或状态，与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生完成形式 to have done完成式表示动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前一、不定式做主语：1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。e.g: To finish the building in a month is diff
2、icult work. To do such things is foolish.注: 1 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2、当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用 it 做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do注意：在此句型中，adj. 只能用可以修饰 人物的形容词。例如: kind nice good brave clever wise stupid foolish honest careless cruel generous eg: It is brave of him to save the girl in the waterIt was
3、 careless of her to make such a mistake(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to do注意：这里的 adj. 不能表示人的性质，只能表示某事或某物的性质。例如： difficult, wonderful, meaningful, painful, usefulEg: It is not difficult for us to learn English well.It is right for him to work here.(3) it is +a +名词+ to do例如: pleasure pity duty shame crime 等
4、Eg : It is a duty to plant trees every day .注: 在感叹句和疑问句中只能用 it 作形式主语Eg : What fun it is to jump into a lake in summer!How long did it take you to finish the work?二、不定式做表语：不定式作表语常表示将来的动作1.主语是以 aim duty hope idea intention（目的，意图 ） plan proposal（建议） job suggestion wish purpose task 等为中心词的名词词组 或以 what 引
5、导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容eg : My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.What I would suggest is to start work at once. 3 不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain， become , look , sound , taste , smell , feel , 等后作表语Eg : The plan seems to have been changed .
6、 4 在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词 do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，例如：All you have to do is (to )press the button.The only thing I can do is (to) give you as much help as I can.三 动词不定式作宾语1、 “动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构常用动词有: like wish hope want try begin start mean plan hate Agree refuse promise pretend ask choose decide forget hop
7、e learn would like intend demand expect fail offer help attempt determine manage remember prepare 等Eg : We hope to get there before dark. The girl decided to do it herself. 2 不定式即可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句动词 +疑问词 +不定式Eg : Im worrying about what to do nex
8、t.Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.这类动词常见的有： tell advise show teach find out decide discuss learn forget inquire know explain remember see understand wonder 等。疑问词有：what where who(m) when how whether Eg : I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / ho
9、w to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注意不定式符号的省略问题！ do nothing but / except 后的不定式不带 to.需要注意的是,此句型中 but/ except 前必须要有实义动词 do 时，but / except 后的不定式 to才能省略，否则 to 则不省.我们用一句话概括就是： 有 do 无 to，有 to 无 doEg : She has no choice but to wait f
10、or the news.He could do nothing but wait. He will do anything for you except lend you money.注 3 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同remember to do 记住要做某事；remember doing 记得曾经做过某事forget to do 忘记要做某事 forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事stop to do 停下来去做某事stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 继续做另一件事go on doing 继续做原来在做的事Eg : I remember
11、 seeing you somewhere before. Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.四 不定式结构作宾语补足语1、只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词 表示 “希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。Eg : What do you desire me to do?The director preferred her to act the old lady.含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如
12、：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。Eg : We mustnt let this (to) happen again.His father put him to mind the sheep. 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。Eg : He begged me not to tell his father about it.She was always worrying her father to
13、 take her to Paris. 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。Eg : He urged us to accept the compromise.The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out. 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。Eg : He required us to
14、keep it a secret.The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days.I warn you not to do that again 其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。Eg : He promised to teach me to swim.We should train them to make use of reference books.We are waiting for the train to st
15、op.2、既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want,understand, hate, bring, get, leave, setEg : Did you see anyone enter the house?Dont imagine yourself to be always correct.We find him to be dishonest.注 ：有些动词用不定式与用现在
16、分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）现在分词表示动作正在进行,即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。Eg : Did you see anyone enter the house?He saw his father talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song.She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号 to 应当省略不定式在下列动词后作宾语补足语时，
17、要省略 to“看”： see, look at, observe, watch, notice“听”：hear, listen to“感觉”：feel使役动词：have, make, let但当以上的动词用于被动式，to 要还原：They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.需要注意 have, make 的用法：have, make 用做使役动词表“让，使，允许”等意，其后的不定式作宾补时，才可省 to用作一般实义动词, have 表示“有”，make
18、表示“制造”， “做”等意义，且后面的不定式作目的状语，定语等时，不定式符号 to 不能省Eg : I wont have him cheat me. “允许”I have a lot of work to do. “有”His story made us laugh. “使”Father made a kite for his son to fly. “做” help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 toEg : Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?不定式运用口诀本领最多不定式， 主、表、宾、补、定
19、和状。样样成分都能干， 只有谓语它不敢。大家千万要当心， 有时它把句型改，作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。七个感官三使役， 宾补要把 to 甩开；疑问词后接上它， 宾语从句可充当；to 前 not 是否定， 各种用法区别开。Exercises1. The man wanted _ (have) a rest.2. The little boy likes _ ( answer) questions.3. Mr. Wang taught me _ (play) basketball.4. Would you like _ (join) us?5. The teacher asked him
20、 _(be) earlier next time.6. Please come over to my home _ (visit) my parents.7. My watch needs _ (repair).8. He was running _(catch) the bus.9. Li Ping wanted you _(call) him.10. Lets ask him _(turn) it down.11. I hope _ (find) a good job.12. He went there _ ( work) as a teacher.13. She wanted _ (do
21、) something _ (keep) herself busy.!4. Mother asked me _(stay)at home .15 .Lets _( have)a rest.16 . I saw him_ (drop)a book. 17 . He found it very difficult _(get )to sleep. 18 . She went to the USA _ . (learn)English.19 . I have much homework _.(do)20 . I am sorry _(trouble)you. 21 . He spent 2 hour
22、s _ (mend)_his bike. 22 . Mother taught me _and _.(read, write)23 . she is old enough _(go)to school. 五.作定语:(常常表示将来的动作)（不定式作定语须放在被修饰的名词 或代词的后面）1.不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系e.g: Have you got anything to do this evening I have some fiends to invite.当名词被 the first , the last, the only 等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式 作定语，而不管动
23、作是否已完成Eg : He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.3 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语 或逻辑宾语Eg : Alice is always the first student to come to school.The teacher gave me some English books to read. The meeting to take place here tomo
24、rrow is going to discuss the problem of pollution.Mr. Brown has a large family to support 当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系Eg : Please pass me some paper to write on.Theres nothing for us to worry about.She has a nice pen to write with.He bought a flat for the family to li
25、ve in.An office to work in /A child to look after A river to swim in六、不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等表示目的、原因、结果、 条件等。1、表目的e.g: To learn a foreign language well, you must try your bestHe came here to attend an important meeting注：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语Eg : He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went
26、 home to see his mother.例外的情况eg : He opened the door for the children to come in.They sent a man to mend the window.注：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so asEg : He came here in order to see Charlie.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.He went early in order not t
27、o miss the train.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上 in order，但却不可以加上 so as ，Eg : To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)To get the best results, use clean water. 2、表结果不
28、定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：Im only too glad to go
29、. = Im very glad to go. I shall be only too pleased to get home.= I shall be very pleased to get home. only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太; 很 不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果eg : She woke early to find it was raining.He got home to learn that his father was ill.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：1 不定式所表示的动作是随后发
30、生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：He arrived late to find the others had gone home.He arrived late and found the others had gone home.2 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。 （有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果）Eg : He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.3 不定式之前有时可以加上 only 或 but only，以加强语气Eg : He got to the
31、station only to be told the train had gone.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：He arrived late to find the others had gone home.( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert.( = He arrived
32、late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains.( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）eg :I wondered to hear her voice in the ne
33、xt room .= I wondered because I heard her voice in the next room .She cried to see him in that condition .= She cried because she saw him in that condition . 注意在 there be 结构中，作定语用的不定式如修饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用主动式来表示There is a lot of work to do/to be done.Hurry up! Theres no time to lose/to be lost.There a
34、re three letters to answer/to be answered this morning.不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前Im glad to have seen your father.She seemed to have heard of it already.So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.主动形式表被动意义的不定式E.g.: The question is very difficult to answer.The problem is difficult to deal with.主语be
35、 +adj. +to do 能用于此句型的形容词有： difficult ,easy, comfortable ,fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲劳的) ,interesting, nice , heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.主语+be +adj. + enough +to doE.g.: The box is light enough to carry.The river water is warm enough to swim in.主语+be +too +adj. +to doE.g.: The book
36、s seemed too heavy to carry.The ice is too thin to skate on.Exercises1.He asked me to help him repair his radio, but I dont know _.A. to do it B. how to C. what to do it D. how to do2. His voice made me _ terrible.A. To feel B. feel C. feels D. felt3. My parents told me _ people when they are in tro
37、uble.A. never laugh at B. not to laugh atC. dont laugh at D. not laugh at4. Its bad manners _ rude to people.A. to be B. are C. be D. to being5. Its interesting _ us to take part in the games.A. of B. to C. for D. at6.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A not
38、make B not to make C not making D do not make7.Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C to be expecting D expects8.Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning9. I would love _ to the party last nigh
39、t but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone10. _ with him is a great pleasure.A. To talk B. Talk C. Talked D. To talking11. It is nice _ your voice.A. to hear B. hear C. heard D. to be hearing12. _ is to struggle.A. Living B. Live C. To live D
40、. To be lived13. Her wish is _ a doctor.A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being come14. I was just about _ the office when the phone rang.A. leaving B. leave C. to leave D. to leaving15. I didnt _ it until you had explained how.A. manage to do B. managed to do C. manage to have done D. manage do
41、ing16. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. （2005 上海卷） A. had B. having C. to have D. have17. Daddy didnt mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _fun . （2005 重庆卷）A. had B. have C. to have D. having18.Helen had to s
42、hout _ above the sound of the music. (04 全国 III)A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard 19.- Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official. (2005 江苏卷 )A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left20. 31. He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left. (2005 广东卷)A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have foundKey: 15 BBBAC 6-10 BBBBA 11-15 ACCCA 16-20CCDAA
