1、- 1 -选修 6 语法Grammar it 的用法一、 指代（后行）it: 1. It 的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物。如：Whatever you do or say, ask yourself whether it is in the interests of the people.A: Pass me a blue pen. B: Here it is / Here you are.2. it, that, one, the one, ones, the ones 用于指代用法时的区别: it 代替上文提及的原物(复数用 they)；one 指代上文提及的、泛指的可数名词单数（复
2、数 ones） ；that 指代上文提及的定指的可数名词单数或不可数名词（复数 those）, the ones 相当于 these, those。There is a river along the village. _ is a river with a long history.The red pen is on the desk and _ is Toms. This pen is mine and _ is Toms.This pen is mine and _ on the desk is Toms.Mother bought a new bike and gave _ to me
3、.My mother bought me a new dictionary and her mother will buy her _ too.Milk with sugar tastes better than _ without sugar.A pencil with rubber is more useful than _ without rubber.Bikes made in Shanghai are better than _ made in Changsha.2）用以代替提示代词 this, that。 Whats this? Its a knife. Whose watch i
4、s that? Its mine. （3）起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。 Who is knocking at the door? Its me. （4）指环境情况等。 It was very noisy (quiet) at the very moment. （5）指时间、季节等。 What time is it? Its eight oclock. It often rains in summer here. （6）指距离。 It is a long way to the school. （7）作形式主语。 It is not easy to finish the work in tw
5、o days. - 2 -It is no use crying over spilt milk. It is as pity that you didnt read the book. （8）作形式宾语。 I think it no use arguing with him. I found it very interesting to study English. He made it clear that he was not interested in that subject. （9）用于强调结构。 It was Xiaoming whom(that)I met in the str
6、eet last night. It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night. It ws last night that I met Xiaoming in the street. It was I who met Xiaoming in the street last night. 2、含有“It is ”的句型 （1）It is time (for sb.) to do sth. It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虚拟语气) （2）It is + 形容词（+of / for sb.）+ to
7、do sth. 通常用 of 的词有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly 、stupid、foolish、wise 等。 （3）It is + 形容词 + that + sb. + (should) do sth.（虚拟语气） 能用于这个句型的形容词有strange、wonderful 、natural、good 、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless 、likely、probable、impossible 等。有时可省去 sho
8、uld 而直接用动词原形。如： It is important that we should pay close attention to grain. It is natural that he（should ）say so. （4）It is no use/ good + doing sth. It is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again. （5）It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + Was it in the street that you met her? Who was it that called
9、him“comrade”? It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend. It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.（注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点” ） 比较：It is a small factory where my brother is going to work.（定语从句） （6）It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known that - 3 -（7）It is/was + 时间 + since 从已多久了
10、。 It is three years since I met him in Beijing. It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.（注意两句中的时态） It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到纽约已经五个月了。 It is five months since I was in New York.我离开纽约已经五个月了。 （注意：终止性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或
11、状态结束时算起。） （8）It is + 时间 + before 这个句型和上面句型中时间都是时间段，如 long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes 等。不过主句的时态多用一般将来时或一般过去时。 It will be several years before we meet again. 我们要过好几年才能再见面。 It was not long before they set out for the front. 不久他们就出发去了前线。 （9）It is /was/will be the first/secon
12、d/third time that It is the first time that I have been here. It was the second time that he had seen the film. （10）It is up to sb. to do sth 应由某人做某事。 It is up to you to decide whether we start or not.3. He didnt find he had his wallet stolen until he got off the bus.Not until he got off the bus did
13、 he find he had his wallet stolenIt was not until he got off the bus that he found he had his wallet stolen.Was it not until he got off the bus that he found he had his wallet stolen?When was it that he found he had his wallet stolen?现在分词作状语定义:伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，它的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的
14、。 例如： He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。伴随状语出现的条件:是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一- 4 -种状态。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。编辑本段 随状语几种表示方法：一、使用分词形式The dog entered the room, followi
15、ng his master(这条狗跟着主人进了屋 )。The master entered the room,followed by his dog(主人进了屋，后面跟着他的狗)。二、 用 with 复合结构The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red(小女孩们在玩雪，手都冻红了)。三、用独立主格结构The little boy goes to school, the little dog accompanying him every day(这小孩每天去上学，那条小狗陪伴着他)。四、用形容词Crusoe
16、 went home, full of fear(克鲁索满怀恐惧地回家)。Confident of the victory the players are fighting hard(运动员们对比赛夺胜满怀信心奋力拼搏)。The match will be broadcast live(这场比赛将作实况转播)。He left home young and came back old(他少小离家老大回) 。五、用名词He went away a beggar but retumed a millionaire(他讨吃要饭离家，腰缠万贯回归)。He who had been twice prime
17、 minister of the country, died civilian(他曾两度出任这个国家的总理，而死的时候却是一个平民)。六、用介词短语The girl came back to her mother in tears.(这女孩眼泪汪汪地回到母亲身边 )。How can you go to the wedding party in rags(你怎能衣衫褴褛地去参加婚宴)？I went home out of breath(我上气不接下气地回家)。强调句的有关知识1.定义：强调句型是通过 it 强调词来改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调而构成的强调结构2、基本结构:(1) 陈述句
18、的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。强调句可以强调除谓语以外的一切成分。下面我们针对 I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at th
19、e railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.(2) 一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把 is/ was 提到 it 前面。e.g. Was it yesterday that he met my old friend?- 5 -(3) 特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？e.g. When was it that you w
20、ere born?我们需要注意的是：第一、构成强调句的 it 本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用 that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who 不可省略。第二、Its that/who的强调句型只是为了强调某一成分，而不充当成分。所以它和 It 作形式主语，真正的主语从句后置的情况有所不同。我们一起看下面两个例句:1.Its necessary that we should learn English.(主语从句)2.Its not until he got off the bus that he realized his money was stolen.
21、(强调句型)解析：因为强调句型中的 Itsthat/who在句子中不充当任何成分。所以去掉后句子依然完整。例子 2 去掉 Itsthat/who后就成了until he got off the bus he realized his money was stolen. 而例子 1 去掉后句子则不完整。(4) not until 句型的强调句1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his son came back.强调句：It was not until hi
22、s son came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用 until，不用 till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until 可通用；因为句型中 It is/ was not 已经是否定句了，that 后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。备注：同学们在平时的学习和复习中一定要注意辨析强调句型与定语从句、主语从句、状语从句的异同。3. 谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词 do/ does 或 did。e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。He did write to you las
23、t week. 上周他确实给你写了信。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用 do/ does 和 did ，没有别的形式；过去时用 did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。四、高考试题分析（08 年各地高考试题）1. It was in New Zealand _ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. (2008 全国 II 20)A. that B. how C. which D. when解析：此句意为“伊利莎白第一次见到史密斯是在新西兰。 ”考查强调句型的用法。 It is
24、/was+被强调部分+that/who 从句。如果把 It was 以及 that 去掉的话，句子就变成了 in New Zealand Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.句子仍然完整。答案：A点评：本句是对地点状语的强调。构成强调句的 it 本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用 that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此。- 6 -2. It was not until midnight _ they reached the camp site. （2008 重庆卷 22）A .that B. when C. while D. as解析：句意：他们直
25、到半夜才到达宿营地。本句考查强调结构，可以还原为：They didnt reach the camp site until midnight. 这是含有 until 引导状语从句的强调句型。当强调 until 从句部分时，应注意把not 一起提前。即：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分。答案：A点评：本题考查的是强调句型。强调句型是高考热点，加入 notuntil 句型，加强了对交叉知识的考查，增加对强调句式考查难度。3. It was along the Mississippi River _ Mark Twain spent much of
26、 his childhood. （2008NMET 天津卷 8）A. how B. which C. that D. where解析：句意：正是在密西西比河岸马克吐温度过了他孩提时代的大部分时光。本题考查强调句。如果把It was 以及 that 去掉，原句就成了 along the Mississippi River Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.句子仍然完整。答案：C点评：强调句型中对时间或地点状语考查时往往有相应介词，如本句中的介词 along.做这类试题时最好用还原法解答。五、提升训练1. _ was Jane that I saw in
27、 the library this morning.A. It B. He C. She D. That2.when was it you called me yesterday?A. until B. that C. then D. so 3. It was on October 1st _ new China was founded.A. which B. when C. as D. that4. Was it because he was ill _ he asked for leave?A. and B. that C. thats D. so5. It is imagination
28、makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality. 2007 上海春Awhere Bwhat Cthat Dwhen6. It _ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _ I found we had a lot in common. 2007 浙江卷A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasnt until; when D. wasnt until; that7. It is not who is right but what is ri
29、ght _ is of importance. 2007 重庆卷A. which B. it C. that D. this8.It was on 12 May,2008_the earthquake of Wenchuan county,Sichuan provimce happened.A.since B.which C.that D.when.- 7 -9.It was Alice and her husband who saved the old man,_?A.wasnt it B.was it C.didnt they D.did they 10.When asked to explain_made his lessons so exciting,the teache kept silent.A.what it is that B.that what it is C.what is it that D.that what is itKeys1-5 ABDBC 6-10.DCCAA
