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类型笔记符号和缩写汇总.doc

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    笔记符号和缩写汇总.doc
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    1、1笔记符号和缩写汇总Symbols1. 字母、图像Z 表示 “人“people/person ,因为“Z“看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如:日本人:J Z.C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母 C 读/ga:ma/,近似 government, 所以就用 C 来表示 govern, government. governmental official 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治:politics, political 希腊字母 P 读/pai/,近似 politics, political.那么politician 就可以表示为 PZ 表示总数

    2、:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, etc. 数学符号表示总值。G 表示效率:efficient, effective. G 为效率符号。Q 表示“通货膨胀“:inflation 因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture 经常用到,所以用首字母代替。B 表示商业:business.C 表示冲突,矛盾:conflict, confrontation “C“中的“表示反对,字母“C“将反对的概念缩小为 conflict 和 confro

    3、ntation. W 表示工作,职业: work, employ 等。它是 work 的第一个字母。所以 WZ 就可以用来表示 worker, 而 W(Z 在字母上方表示 employer, 在字母下方表示 employee)。i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母 i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示“举杯祝贺“. 如果在 U 内填入 2,就可以表示为 bilateral(双边的), 填入 3 表示为 trilateral(三边的)。填入在 U

    4、 中填入 1 表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入 m (multiple ) 表示多边主义。如果在 U 上加一个“/“表示谈判破裂。V 表示胜利,成功 表示“国家“、 “民族“ 、“领土“等:country, state, nation, etc. g表示进口,g 表示出口; / 表示国与国 这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over.那么在此符号上加 Z 表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.T 表示“领导人“:leader, head 那么 head of government, head of com

    5、pany 便可以表示为 CT 圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference, negotiation,seminar ,discussion,symposium 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc. 表示开心: pleasant, joyful,happy ,excited, etc. 表示不满、生气 unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.2EO 表示

    6、听到、众所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, dont care much, etc.2. 箭头g 表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc.表示导致、引导:lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.f 表示来自于:be/come from,return ,receive

    7、 from, etc.表示追溯到:come/go back to,originate 表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise ,ascend, etc.表示发射、投放市场、发行:launch,open, start, etc. 表示发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen, promote, etc表示“波折“:ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.3. 数学符号 therefore, thus, so because % per cent divide, divided by + 表示 “多“: many, lo

    8、ts of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.+(+2 ) 表示 “多“的比较级: more+3 表示 “多“ 的最高级:most 表示“少“: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. 表示“错误“、“失误“和“坏“的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc. 或者 multiply, multiplied by 表示 “多于“ 概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better

    9、than, etc.表示“高“ 概念:superior to,surpass, etc. 表示“对手 “概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( ) 表示“在 之间“:among, within, etc. 表示 “不同“ 概念:be different from, is not equal to, not the same as, etc. 表示“大约“概念:about/around,or so, approximately, etc./ 表示“ 否定“ ,“消除“等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc. 表示 “

    10、调换、对调、交流”等意思3 表示 “属于 ”4. 标点等: 表示各种各样“说“的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.? 表示 “问题“: question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?! 表示“注意,警惕”等提醒的意思. (dot) 这个“.“点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样“.d“表示 yesterday; “.y“表示 last year; “.2m“表示 two month ago; “y“表示 this year; “y2.“ two year later; “next week“, 可以表示为“wk.“ 表示转折

    11、表示 “好的“ 状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc.表示“同意“状态,stand up for,support, agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.表示“重要的“状态:important,exemplary(模范的) best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.n 表示“交流“状态: exchange,mutual, etc.& 表示“和“,“与“:and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc. 表示“结

    12、束“:end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.* 表示数字 number_ (下画线 ) 表示“强调、严重”等加重的意思# 表示 “删除、不要、放弃”等 表示“恢复、复原”表示“压力”II 表示“但是”等转折意5. 其它H2O = water/= parallel = atff = followingvs = against = thereforeppl=peoplethx=thanks ur=your asap=as soon as possible u = you plz = please y = why 2=to44=forB=

    13、beU=youR=areC=see星期缩写Mon.Tues.Wed.Thur.Fri.Sat.Sun.月份缩写Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Abbreviations Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.1. Standard abbr

    14、eviationsdept = departmentcf. = compare (with) e.g. = for example etc. = et cetera, and so on et al. = and others ibid. = in the same place (in a book or article) i.e. = that is N.B. = note well (something important) 5viz. = namely (naming someone or something you have just referred to)2. Use only t

    15、he first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalism3. Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservative4. Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable ab

    16、breviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetition5. Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt

    17、= estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = government6. Use an apostrophe in place of letters.amt = amountcontd = continuedgovt = governmenteducatl = educational7. Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chapters6egs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductions8. Use g to repre

    18、sent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimenting9. Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.10. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initi

    19、als whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词 原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possibleAMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibl

    20、eBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT Certificate缩略词 原词CFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concernedCOND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT F

    21、inalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP(T) Important7INCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O Instead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF ManufactureMDL ModelMEMO MemorandumMGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG Mess

    22、ageNCRY NecessaryNLT No later thanOBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN PositionPOSS(BL) PossiblePROD ProductQLTY QualityQUTY QuantityRCV ReceiveREF ReferenceREGL RegularREP RepresentativeRESN ReservationRPT RepeatRESPON ResponsibleSEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTEMP TemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large

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