1、Welcome to English Methodology!,By Ma Bingjun Foreign Languages School of Fuyang Teachers College,English Teaching Theory and Practice,Unit 1 Language and Language Learning 1. When did you start learning the foreign language (s)? 2. How do you feel about learning a language? 3. Why do you learn a fo
2、reign language? 4. In what way are you learning a foreign language? Do you think youre efficient/successful learner? 5. Do you like the way you learnt the foreign lg? 6. How do you think youll teach in the future?,Language and Language Learning,1. People started learning a foreign language at differ
3、ent ages. 2. Different people have different experiences in learning a foreign language. 3. Different people have different reasons in learning a foreign language. 4. People learn a foreign lg in different lgs. 5. Different people have different capabilities 6. The way you learn is the way you teach
4、.,Structural View (1),The structural view of lg: 1) Phonology (语音学) 2) Morphology (形态学/词法) 3) Syntax (句法学) ( phrases, clauses, sentences ) Phonological units (phonemes),Grammatical units (phrases, clauses, sentences) Grammatical operations (adding, shifting, joining or transforming elements) Lexical
5、 items (function words and structure words),Structural View (2),Areas of research drawn on Here are some of the areas of research in this view of language: Linguistic analysis Textual discourse analysis Target of language learning The target of language learning, in the structural view, is the maste
6、ry of elements of this system.,Structural View (3),Methods based on this view Some of the language learning methods based on this view of language are:The Audio-lingual method Total Physical Response The Silent Way,Structural View (4),Summary 1. The language system consists of various subsystems: ph
7、onetics, grammar and vocabulary 2. We teach the language, we teach the structure and we teach learners the mastery of the elements of this system. 3. The follow methods based on the structural view1) The Audio-lingual method 2) Total Physical Response 3) The Silent Way,Functional View,Johnson & Morr
8、ow(1981): 1. Syllabus based on Communicative functions 2. Functional view a. Lg: linguistic system b. Means for doing things 3. Functional activities a. Offering b. Suggesting c. Advising d. Apologizing,e. Expressing thanks f. Asking the way g. Dating 2. What is function? 3. What is the notion? Exam
9、ples of notions: a. Notions of time b. Certainty and possibility c. Roles ,instruments and Special relationships,Functional View,Areas of research drawn on sociolinguistics pragmatics semantics Target of language learning To learn to express communication functions and categories of meaning.,Approac
10、hes and methods based on this viewcommunicative approaches functional-notional syllabuses The Natural Approach,Interactional View,Interactional view: Communicative tool Establish social relations Maintain social relations Learners tasks: Grammar Vocabulary Rules for using them In a whole range of,Co
11、mmunicative contexts Summary: Structural view: Structural rules and voc. Functional view: To use the rules and voc. Interactional view: Appropriancy :To knowwhat/how/when/where to do,The process-oriented language learning theory,A process-oriented language learning theory is a theory built on descri
12、bing learning processes, such as the following: 1. habit-formation2. induction 3. Making inferences 4. hypothesis-testing(假设检验的方法) 5. generalization (概括),The condition-oriented language learning theory,Condition-oriented language learning theories emphasize the human and physical context in which la
13、nguage learning takes place.1. Number of students2. The input learners receive3. The atmosphere,Behaviorist Theory,Behaviorism is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts(neglects) mental activities. Behavior theorists define learning
14、as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior.,Behaviorist Theory,Watson an Raynor: a stimulus-response theory of psychology According to the theory: Forms of bebaviour such as motions, habits, etc. are seen as elements that can be observed and measured.,Behaviorist Theory,“You can train an a
15、nimal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement.” (Harmer. 1983:30),Behaviorist Theory,Behaviorist Theory,Skinner: Language is also a form of behaviour. Language teaching in USA: The Audio-Lingual Method (the
16、“listen-and-repeat” drilling activities). In ALM, mistakes were immediately corrected.,The Cognitive Theory,Chomsky: Language is not a form of behaviour. It is an intricate (complicated) rule-based system. (Language is rule-governed.) There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and
17、with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. (Language is generative. ),The impact of Chomskys theory on language teaching,One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea
18、is clearly in opposition to the Audio-Lingual Method.,Constructivist Theory,Characteristics: 1. Learning is a process. 2. Constructing meaning based ona. Ones knowledgeb. Ones experience 3. Constructivism is widely applicable to learning in general. 4. Education is used to develop mind.,Constructivi
19、st Theory,John Dewey provided a foundation for constructivism.John Dewey (1859-1952) believed that learning was active and schooling unnecessarily long and restrictive. His idea was that children came to school to do things and live in a community which gave them real, guided experiences which foste
20、red their capacity to contribute to society. For example, Dewey believed that students should be involved in real-life tasks and challenges: maths could be learnt via learning proportions in cooking or figuring out how long it would take to get from one place to another by mule history could be lear
21、nt by experiencing how people lived, geography, what the climate was like, and how plants and animals grew, were important subjects,John Dewey,Dewey had a gift for suggesting activities that captured the center of what his classes were studying. Deweys education philosophy helped forward the “progre
22、ssive education“ movement, and spawned the development of “experiential education“ programs and experiments. Deweys philosophy still lies very much at the heart of many bold educational experiments, such as Outward Bound. Read more about John Dewey, father of the experiential education movement. Lea
23、rning by doingnature of John Dewey,John Dewey, Achambault,Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners. Achambault(1964): Tt: To balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learners interests and curiosity for learning.,
