1、代 词与 it,一. 代词的定义及分类,1.人称代词 : 指代前面已提到过的人或事.主格: 宾格:2.物主代词adj性: n性:3.反身代词,I you he/she/it we you they,me you him/her/it us you them,my your his/her/its our your their,mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs,myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves,4.疑问代词5.指示代词6.关系代词 (即:引
2、导定语从句,且在定语从句中充当成分的引导词.) who whom which whose that,who what which whose whom,this that these those,7.不定代词,all both neither either every each some some- : someone something somebody any any- : anyone anything anybody every- : everyone everything everybody no one nobody nothing none,二. 一些代词的重要用法,人称代词(主
3、格 宾格)主格:宾格:,He works hard. /She likes English.,He finished them./She likes it.,主语,宾语和表语,eg. -Who is it?- Its me /John/Mary.或 - Its him/her/them.,注:1) 该人称代词即使在句中作主语,若简略回答,单独使用,则不用主格,用宾格.,eg. -Mary works hard.- Me ,tooHim,too.Her,too.us,too.them,too.,Ex. - Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the y
4、ard.- why_? John is sitting there doing nothing.A. him B. he C. I D. me,D,注:2) 在作比较时, than/as之后,在不引起歧义的前提下.,eg. He is twice as old as I/me. He is twice than I /me.,但下面两组话: 该用主格用主格,该用宾格用宾格,eg. He loves you than me. He loves you than I.,His wife likes the dog better than he.His wife likes the dog bett
5、er than him.,三.反身代词,I teach myself mathematics. She is looking at herself in the mirror.,习惯用语:,by oneself 靠某人自己 独自 独立 of oneself 自动的 for oneself 为某人自己 亲自 in itself 本质上就其自身而言 help oneself (to sth) enjoy oneself devote oneself to sth be oneself 身体好 正常 make oneself at home teach oneself,Ex:,The man is
6、too old to live_. The door closed_. Im not quite myself today. The question _ is not very difficult.,by himself,of itself,in itself,四. 不定代词 看P106,注:1.that 和 those 用于表比较的结构。,五. 指示代词,that代替不可.n.或可.n.单数,those 代替可.n.复数,The weather of Beijing is just as good as that (=the weather) of Tianjin.,The student
7、s in this class are more active than those (=the students) in that class.,注:2.区别 that it one,that 特指 前面提到的事物的同一类,但不是同一个 it “它” 同一个 one 泛指同类事物中的任何一个,可作同位语.,The story is more interesting than _ you read a few days ago. -The book is a good _.May I borrow _?-Of course. Here you are. - Do you have a came
8、ra?- No, but my father has_.,that,one,it,one,一些重要的 不定代词的用法,不定代词有both, either, neither, one, the other, another, little, few, some, any, each, every, no, none等，从实际应用和理解出发，重点学习以下几个：(一) both, either, neither(二) one, another, the other(三) little, a little, few, a few (四) some / any, no / none, each / ev
9、ery, many / much,both, either, neither,both为“两者都”，neither为“两者都不”，either为“两者之一”。这三个单词都用于指两个人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。 作主语： 1) Both (of them) enjoyed the rice. 他们两人喜欢吃米饭。 2) Neither (of us) is a doctor. 我们俩都不是医生。 3) Either (of you) will go. 随你们哪个去都可以。注意：作主语时，both后面的谓语动词用复数。neither, either后面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。 作定语：
10、1) Both Zhang Huas father and mother work in a hospital, but neither one is a doctor. 张华的父母亲在一所医院工作，但都不是医生。 2) You may take either apple. 两个苹果任你拿一个。,作宾语： 1) I like both of the toys very much. 我非常喜欢这两件玩具。 2) The boy could find neither of them and went away. 这男孩找不到他们俩就走开了。 both 还可作同位语，它们句中的位置是在动词be，助动
11、词或情态动词的后面，但在实义动词前面。 1) They are both in good health. 他们两人身体都很好。 2) They will both go there. 他们两人都收到那儿去。 3) They both agreed to take part in the birthday party. 他们两人都答应参加生日晚会。,此外，either 可作副词用于否定句，表示 “也”，相当于肯定句中的 “too”。This is not mine. That is not, either. 这不是我的，那也不是。neither 表示“也不”的时候，常用在倒装的结构形式中：I d
12、ont like to play football. Neither does he. 我不喜欢踢足球，他也不喜欢。She hasnt got a bike. Neither have I. 他没自行车，我也没有。 注意，both 和 and, either 和 or, neither 和 nor 可构成连词。表示“和两个都”，连接主语时谓语动词是复数；“不是就是”；“或或”，“既不也不”；“都不” 连接两个并列主语时谓语动词的数一般应与靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致，如：1) Both Zhang and Wang are good students. 张、王都是好学生。2) Either yo
13、u or he is right. 不是你就是他对的。3) Neither he nor i am a scientist. 他和我都不是科学家。,one, another, the other,1. one 常用来作代词，替代前文所出现的可数名词，表示人或物，以避免重复。例如：I havent got a ball pen. Ill have to buy one. (= a ball pen) 我没圆珠笔，我得去买一支。He is one to think more of others. 他是个能多为别人着想的人。 2. the other, another 都可解释为 “另一个”。oth
14、er 加上定冠词用于两者中的另一个，another 指三者以上中的另一个。例如：He was two brothers. One is a doctor, the other is a teacher.Weve received two parcels, one from my uncle, the other from my aunt.I dont like this one, show me another, please.Ive just bought three things. One is a walkman, another is a pocket calculator, the
15、third is a video game.,3. another 还有 “再” 的意思，例如：Have another cup of coffee, please. 再喝一杯咖啡吧！She could have to stay here for another week. 他将在这里再待一个星期。 4. other 有 “另外” 的含义。例如：Where are the other students? 其他学生在哪里？The boy is much cleverer than the other two. 这孩子比另两个更聪明。 5. others 和 the others 表示复数的泛指和
16、特指。例如：In the park some are playing games. Others are walking near the river.I have five colour pencils. One is red, another is blue and the others are green. 6. the rest 也可作 “其余的” 解释。它用作主语时注意谓语动词的单复数。例如：The rest of his life was spent in America. 他的余生是在美国度过的。 He has eight books. Two are in English. T
17、he rest are in Chinese. 他有几本书，两本是英文，其余的是中文。,little, a little, few, a few,1. little 与 a little 两者都用来修饰不可数名词，little 作 “很少”，“几乎没有” 解，有否定的意思，a little 作 “少许”、“有一点” 解，有肯定的意思，例如：In this way they can make the trip with just a little money. 用这种方法他们只花很少的钱就能旅行。There is little left, is there? 没剩多少了，是吗？ 2. few,
18、a few 用来修饰可数名词，前者表示否定，后者表示肯定。A few of us speak English well. 我们中有几个人英语讲得很好。There were few eggs is the fridge, so he went to the supermarket and bought some. 冰箱里几乎没鸡蛋了，所以他去超市买了一些。 3. few 作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数，例如：Few men know this, do they? 4. 常用词组有 quite a few (好几个)，only a few (只有一个)，a very few (极少数)。例如：He s
19、tudied Chinese for quite a few years. 他学汉语已有好几年了。,some, any, no, none, each, every, many, much,（1）some 和 any: some (一些，某个) 句中可作主语、宾语、定语等，常用于肯定句。作定语时，它可修饰可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词是单数时，some 表示 “某个” 的意思。例如：There are some newspapers on the table.I am going to buy some orange juice.Have you any questions? Yes, I h
20、ave some. I have read that in some magazine.当说活者表示提议、请求或期望得到肯定回答时，在疑问句中也可用 some。例如：Would you like some tea?Could you lend me some money? any “一些” 用法相同于 some, 但多用于疑问句、否定句或条件从句。例如：Is there any ink in your pen?Put up your hands if you have any questions.,注意： 1. any 用于肯定句中有 “任何一个” 解。常用于比较级句子中。 Tom runs
21、faster than any other boy in his class.Tom runs faster than any of the other boys in his class. 2. some, any, every, no 可以与 body, thing, one 构成合成代词，这些代词都作单数看待，表示人或物：Something is wrong with my bike.Something is asking to see you.Nobody is absent.If you want anything, call me.,（2）no 和 none: none (没有一个
22、，全不，都不) 是名词性的不定代词，可作主语和宾语，常和 of 短语连用，不以作定语。none 作主语代替不可数名词时，谓语用单数形式。代替可数名词时，谓语用单、复数均可。例如：None of us is / are from Beijing.None of the money is mine. none 与 all 相对，有 “全不” “全部” 的含义，因此 all 是全肯定，none 是 all 的全部否定，但都指三者以上的人或物。We all made mistakes.None of us was correct. no 是形容词性的不定代词，只能用作定语，可修饰可数和不可数名词。no
23、 等于 not a 或 not any 加上名词。例如：I have no money.I have not any money. no one 相当于 nobody，意为没有人，谓语用单数。,（3）each 和 every ： each (每个，各自的) 强调个体，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。 every (每个，一切的) 相当于all，强调整体，只能作定语。Each boy has a dictionary. 每个孩子都有一本词典。Every boy has a dictionary. 所有的孩子都有一本词典。 注意： every 构成的常用词组 every other day 每隔一天
24、 / every other five days 每隔五天 every other line 每隔一行 / every five days 每五天 （4）many 和 much ： many 修饰可数名词的复数，谓语用复数，much 修饰不可数名词，谓语用单数，它们可用在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中，还可在肯定句中作主语或修饰主语。例如：So much for today.There are many buses and cars in the street. many 已被 a lot of, a large number of, a great many 所代替。 much 已被 a lot
25、of, plenty of, a good deal of, a great (large) quantity of 所代替。但 a lot of / lots of 只能用于肯定句。,1. _ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. A. Each B. Any C. No one D. None 2.We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us. A. all ; no B. any ; no C. none ; any D. no
26、 one ; any 3.There is a tree on _ side of the street.A. every B. all C. either D. both 4.There is a desk on _ side of the room.A. both B. either C. all D. every 5. Which side can I sit on the boat? If you sit still, you can sit on _.A. every side B. all sides C. both sides D. either side 6.It is sai
27、d that _ of his parents have gone to Beijing.A. all B. every C. both D. either,7.Some students are absent-minded, and_ of them heard what the teacher said.A. all B. each C. every D. not all 8. Is _ here? No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. A. anybody B. somebody C. everybody D. nobody 9.They were
28、all very tired, but _ of them would stop to take a rest. A. any B. some C. none D. neither 10. Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? Im afraid _ day is possible. A. either B. neither C. some D. any 11. If you want to change for a double room youll have to pay _ 5.A. another B. other C. more D. each,13.
29、_ side of the street is lined with different shops, _ of which sell electronic products.A. Both ; both B. Either ; all C. Neither ; either D. Either ; both15.I had no idea which was better, so I took _ of them.A. any B. every C. none D. both 16. The examination was easy, wasnt it? Yes, but I dont th
30、ink _ could pass it.A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody,17.Is there anyone who can do the job? . A. None B. No one C. Not one D. Not many ones 18.I wanted some water, but there was in the bottle. A. none B. no C. any D. nothing 19.Tom and Mary have arrived, but students in your class arent
31、 here yet. A. other B. others C. the other D. the others 20.Do September and April have thirty days ? A. every B. neither C. each D. all 21. of us is active in English class. A. Every B. Every one C. Everyone D. Anybody 22.We have English classes day, Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. A. each other B. every other C. this and other D. all other 23.Tom had a bad cold. is why he didnt come to school. A. It B. That C. This D. There 24.They invited the three of ,Tom, Bob, and . A. us , me B. we , I C. us , I D. we , we,
