1、Verb: a content word that denotes an action or a state,Verb,aspect (体态),voice (语态),mood (语气),tense (时态),Tense,1. A general survey of English tenses2. The ten commonly-used tenses, Tense and aspect Tense (时态): a grammatical category of verbs used to express distinctions of time and aspect. Time: past
2、 time, present time, future time & past future time.Aspect (体态): a grammatical term indicating whether an action at a given time is viewed as complete or incomplete.the simple aspect, the progressive aspect, the perfective aspect & the perfective progressive aspect.,I. A general survey of English te
3、nses, English tenses (take do as an example),was/were+ doing,am/is/are+ doing,did,do does,will/shall + do,has/have+ been doing,has/have+ done,had+ done,will/shall+ have done,will/shall+ be doing,had+ been doing,will/shall+have+ been doing,would/should+ do,would/should+ be doing,would/should+ have do
4、ne,would/should+ have been doing,2. The ten commonly-used tenses:simple presentsimple pastpresent progressivepast progressivesimple futurepast futurefuture progressive present perfectivepresent perfective progressivepast perfective, Important principles about tenses:, 1.根据句子里的时间状语判断动作发生的时间（time）(熟记每
5、个时态常用的时间状语)； 2.根据句意判断动词的状态（aspect） ； 3.根据时间和状态，确定动词的形式（tense）。,simple present，present indefinite tense 该时态一般表明两个含义：动作发生在现在；动作以一般方式发生。谓语动词形式：原形、第三人称单数动词+(e)spresent timefuture timepast time,1. 一般现在时,1) present time 表示习惯性动作 (habitual present)；We get up at six every morning.Mother usually cooks for us.
6、adverbials of time: adverbs of frequencyevery day (week, month, year), on Saturdays, at weekends, at times, on occasion(s), from time to time, hardly ever, not ever, not always, not often.,dynamic verb动态动词,1) present time 讲话时，人或事物的特性或状态 (momentary and instantaneous present)；Everyone is in high spiri
7、t. I dont recognize the man. Now the band is playing and the King enters the hall. The spectators raise a cheer. He stops, greets the spectators and then takes his seat. I apologize for being late, but I have just had a message from the hospital. commentaries & formal declarations,stative verb静态动词,m
8、omentary present现时状态,instantaneous present瞬间动作,dynamic verb动态动词,1) present time 客观真理 (timeless present)等。Light travels more quickly than sound.Honesty is the best policy. India lies to the south of China.,stative verb,2) future time the conditional / temporal clauses (条件/时间分句) introduced by if / as
9、long as / after / before / when, etc.When you come next time, bring me some magazines.If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. that-clause following “I hope”, “I bet”, “see to it”, “make sure”, “make certain”:They will see to it that our country always wakes from its nightmares. I bet the lad
10、ies at the local tax office are all for it. planned, arranged events that are unalterable.v.: arrive, be, begin, leave, start, stayThe delegation arrives in Beijing this afternoon.There is a new film tonight.,will wake,will be,3) past time in communication verbs (交流/沟通动词) to express the present effe
11、ct of information received in the past.v.: tell, say, hear, learn, gatherI gather everyone has passed the exam. a device of story-telling and news reporting to add vividness to the description (historic present历史现在时).Algerian Troops Fire on Anti-government Rioters Premier ResignsThe tiger dashes on
12、Wu Song, but he dodges aside.,Ex. Translate: 1. 去纽约之前我们还要在这待一两天。 2. 一燕不成夏。 3. 在巴黎，五月份天气并非总是美好；有时多雨。 4. 她几乎从来不在午夜之前就寝。 5. 我通常投民主党的票，而我的室友几乎总是投共和党的票。 6. 我听说老亨利昨晚死了。 7. 巴特尔（Bater）把球传给姚明。姚明投篮！好球！,Key to Ex. 1. 去纽约之前我们还要在这待一两天。Before we go to New York, we will stay here for a couple of days. 2. 一燕不成夏。 On
13、e swallow doesnt make a summer. 3. 在巴黎，五月份天气并非总是美好；有时多雨。May in Paris isnt always nice; it sometimes rains a lot. 4. 她几乎从来不在午夜之前就寝。She hardly ever (almost never) goes to bed before midnight. 5. 我通常投民主党的票，而我的室友几乎总是投共和党的票。I usually vote for a Democrat, but my roommate almost always votes for a Republic
14、an. 6. 我听说老亨利昨晚死了。 I hear that Old Henry died last night. 7. 巴特尔把球传给姚明。姚明投篮！好球！ Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots! A fine shot!,simple past，past indefinite tense 表示过去某时间的动作或状态。谓语动词形式：规则（V-(e)d）、不规则past timepresent timefuture time,2. 一般过去时,1) past time the event / state past: a single eve
15、nt or state happening or existing at a definite point or period of time in the past.The children went out just now.Marys grandfather died ten years ago.adverbials of past time (then, at that time, just now, three days ago) or adverbial clause of past time introduced by when, while. the habitual past
16、: a habitual or recurrent action in the past. He came to see me every day last week.My father worked in a chemical plant all his life., adverbials of place indicating a past time:I lost my wallet at the theatre.Where did you get this red tie? simple past: having no connection with the present moment
17、, no longer existing:My father was a generous man.,2) present and future time the attitudinal past (表态性过去时): a question, request, suggestion, etc. I wondered if you could lend me your car.Did you want it? the hypothetical past (假设性过去时): non-fact in that-clauses following such structures as “Its time
18、 ”, “I wish ”, “Id rather ” and unlikely-to-be-fulfilled condition in adverbial clauses.It is about/really/quite time we returned home.How I wish you were here with us!If she loved him, she would marry him.He talks as if he was/were a professor.,present continuous/progressive tense 谓语形式：由be的适当形式（am,
19、 is, are) + v-ing an action in progress at the moment of speaking / at a period of time including the presentThey are making an experiment now.Professor Wang is attending an international conference in Paris. a planned/arranged future happeningv.: go, come, leave, arrive, begin, end adverbials of fu
20、ture timeHe is coming here next week and is staying here until August.,3. 现在进行时, an action in the immediate pastcommunication verbs: tell, talk, say, exaggerate, I dont know what you are talking about. a polite requestv.: hope, wonderIm hoping youll give us some advice.Im wondering if I may have a w
21、ord with you.Cf. I wondered if you could lend me your car., 注意：1）不用于进行时态的动词：(1)表示事实状态的动词 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。e.g. I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. (2)表示心理/感觉状态的动词 know, realize, think, see, believe, suppose
22、, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。e.g. I need your help. He loves her very much. He is listening to the radio, and he hears the speech of the president.,(3)瞬间动词 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refusee.g. I accept
23、your advice. (4)系动词 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。e.g. You seem a little tired. 这些动词转其他意思使用时，有些可用于进行时态了。e.g. I am seeing Mary tomorrow.He is thinking about the problem.He is feeling for matches., 注意：2）短暂进行时（momentary continuous）be的进行时态+ 动态形容词（dynamic adjective）
24、有时可表示在某一相对短暂时刻人们的活动和行为。You are being foolish. I know Im being selfish.He is being generous.3）习惯进行时（habitual continuous）现在进行时有时可与always, constantly, forever等词连用，含有感情色彩，常常用于表示某种令人不悦的情况。You are always finding fault with me. John is forever losing things.,past continuous/progressive tense 谓语形式：was/were
25、+ v-ing an action in progress at a definite point or period of past time adverbials of past time: this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten, last evening, when, while We were talking about you a moment ago.I was playing the piano when she came in.I was learning Japanese in
26、 those month.,4. 过去进行时, a past habitual actionHe was getting up at five every day that week.(temporariness)Cf. He got up at five every day.He was constantly/always/forever worrying about a very small thing.(annoyance/disapproval) a planned/arranged future happening in the pastThey were leaving a few
27、 days later., a polite requestverbs: hope, wonder, wantI hope you can send me some books.I hoped you could send me some books.I am hoping you can send me some books.I was hoping you could send me some books. hypothetical meanings in clauses after I wish, Id rather, its time, etc. and conditional cla
28、uses.I wish they were not talking so loudly.If they were leaving tonight, Id like to go with them.It is time we were leaving.(=It is time we left.),politer,注：过去进行时可用于描述一件事发生的背景： 一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the s
29、tation. 典型例题 1） Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fellC. was reading; was falling D. read；fell过去进行时还常常用于对故事中情节的描述。 It was a dark night and a strong wind was blowing.,sim
30、ple future, future indefinite tense 表示相对于讲话时间将要发生的动作或情况（futurity: the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future ）。 future tense Vs. future time?,5. 一般将来时,表示将来时间的形式：will / shall + v.all three persons (AmE) first person (BrE)常跟一个表示将来时间的状语（soon, next w
31、eek, tomorrow )。e.g. Next month, my daughter will be eighteen.I will (shall) return you the book as soon as possible.It will rain later.model meanings (情态意义): prediction, willingness / volition, intention:Will we clone a dinosaur?What will be the 10 hottest jobs?All right, Ill forgive you.If you ask
32、 him, he will help you.I will say no more on these matters, important though they are.Will you join me for a drink?,(prediction),(willingness),(intention),表示将来时间的其它形式：1) be going to do: What are you going to do this evening?Close your eyes. Im going to give you a surprise.The traffic is terrible. We
33、re you going to be late.Oh, my dear! Theyre going to bump against that tree!, 表示最近打算要做的事情（intention）。,表示预见有迹象表明要发生的事情（prediction）。,Cf. be going to & will / shallIf you are going to play tennis this afternoon, you had better get your shoes prepared now.A: Why are you taking the camera?B: Im going to
34、take some pictures.A: Someone is knocking at the door.B: Ill go and open it.,a. be going to可用于条件句表示将来时间，而will/shall则不能。,b. be going to表示预先准备的打算，而will则表示说话时刻做出的决定。,-There isnt any milk in the fridge. I_ buy some after work.She _ dive into the water.,ll / m going to,is going to,表示将来时间的其它形式： 2) be to d
35、o: They are to go on a strike on July 8th.She is to be married next month.You are to finish your homework before you go out to play.The parties involved are to sign the agreement.,表示约定的、计划中,或是按责任、义务要完成的动作（future happening based on a present plan/arrangement）。,表示强烈的命令（orders, instructions, prohibitio
36、ns）。,表示将来时间的其它形式： 3) be about to do: Jack is holding a fly swatter and staring at fly on the kitchen table. He is about to swat the fly.Autumn harvest is about to start. 4) simple present:The train starts at 2 oclock.We move next month. 5) present progressive:He is coming here next week and is stayi
37、ng here until August.,表示“即将（正要）作某事”，强调近期内或马上要做的事 （immediate future）。,表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情（unalterable, formal, objective）。,表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。, 注意： 在时间或条件句中在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。When Bil
38、l _ (come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I _ there. A. will arrive B. arrive C. arrived D. am going to arrive,comes,past future (indefinite) tense 表示在过去某一时刻之后要发生的动作或情况。多用于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。谓语形式：would/should+动词原形He said that he would get married soon. 和一般将来时一样，过去将来时也有其它相应的表达形式
39、，如was (were) going to do等。He said that he was going to try again.,6. （一般）过去将来时,future continuous/progressive tense 表示将来某一时间或某一时段正在进行的动作或发生的情况，或预料不久就要发生或势必要发生的事情。 谓语形式：will/shall + be + v-ingWe will be having a meeting from three to four this afternoon.What will you be doing this time tomorrow?Dont w
40、orry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time. I believe hell be coming soon.,7. 将来进行时,常用的时间状语有(at) this time + future time.e.g. At this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 典型例题This time tomorrow you _ there doing some more exercises. A) will sit B)
41、will be sitting C) sit D) shall sit,present perfect(ive) tense 谓语形式：have/has + v-ed a. 表示过去发生但对现在有影响的动作（finished, present result）。 I have been to Beijing many times.They have already published the results of their experiments.可以不用时间状语，也可和一些表示不定过去的时间状语连用，常见的有already, yet, never, before, recently, jus
42、t, ever, once等。I _a new house, but I havent sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) will buy B) would buy C) have bought D) buy,8. 现在完成时,b. 表示从过去某时间开始一直延续到现在（可能还要继续下去）的动作（unfinished, lasting up, extending）。The couple have lived here for 20 years.The couple have lived here since 1
43、986.常用于含有延续意义的动词，并且一般要跟一个表示一段时间的状语（常用since加一个过去的时间点/从句，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间，(up) until now, up to/till now, so far，in recent days/months/years, in/over the past few years, during/for the last three centuries, through/throughout history等）。 Since time began, man has lived in fear of fire.1,451 people
44、have up till now registered to attend the forum. Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die.,Compare & translate: I have been a teacher for 20 years. I have been a teacher.我当老师到现在有20年了。我曾经当过老师。 I have been married for a year. I have been married.我结婚已经有一年了。我曾经结过
45、婚。我已经结婚了。I am married., 注意：1）含有界限意义的动词（begin, end, die, lose, find, fall, go, come, join)及含有瞬间意义的动词（jump, knock, hit, strike)不能用于完成时的第二种用法。He has joined the army for ten years. He joined the army ten years ago. He has been an armyman for ten years. 2）在when和where引导的疑问句中，一般不用现在完成时（Where have you been?
46、除外），因为这类句子询问的要点就是事情发生的具体时间和场合。When did you see him?Where did you buy the book?,3) 用于现在完成时的句型 It (This) is the first / second time that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city. This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.This is the tenth cup of coffee that Ive drunk thi
47、s evening. Cf：It was the third time that the boy had been late last month. It will be the first time I have taught children next week. This is +形容词最高级+n.+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。He is the cockiest guy I have ever met in my life. It has been (is) since这一结构中主句常用现在完成时。It has been (=is) a long time since
48、they last met each other.,典型例题 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming (2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come,4) 现在完成时和一般过去式的区别 两者都可表示过去发生的动作，但前者表示的是过去动作对现在的影响，而后者则是表示过去动作的事实。He has gone to Beijing. He went to Beijing (last week). 两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时含义为该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作早已终止。My uncle has lived in Rome for four years.My uncle lived in Rome for four years.,
