1、第四章,词的语义特征,I. 语义特征的概念,语义特征(semantic features)是对人类经验的一种抽象概括,属于元语言(metalanguage), 用来描写任何语言的语义,正如语音用区别性特征(distinctive features)来描写任何语言的音素。它们都是在语言中普遍存在的(language universal)。 例如,对名词的描述,可以从是人或非人、有生命或无生命、男性或女性、成年或非成年、抽象或具体等范畴进行语义分析。如英语中bachelor一词就具有以下几个语义特征:Human,AdultMale,Concrete,Unmarried。这种分析方法称为成份分析法(
2、componential analysis)。印刷或书写时通常把语义特征置于方括弧或圆括弧中,有时用大写字母表示。,II. 对分法(binary opposition),语义特征常可用对分法(binary opposition)进行描述。某词项具有语义特征A,就记作+A,不具有语义特征A,就记作-A。现试用对分语义特征(binary semantic features)Male,Adult,Human 描写以下词项: man ( + Male, + Adult, + Human) woman ( Male, + Adult, + Human ) boy ( + Male, Adult, + H
3、uman) girl ( Male, Adult, + Human) bullock ( + Male, + Adult, Human) cow ( Male, + Adult, Human),语义分析举例,Spinster: + Common+ Concrete+ Human+ Adult Male Married+ Count,wisdom + Common Concrete Count,语义分析举例,turtle + Common+ Concrete+ Animate Human+ Count,III. 动词的语义特征,动词也有语义特征,动词之间最大的区别性特征是Dynamic,即动词可
4、分两大类:1. 动态动词(dynamic verb)2. 静态动词(stative verb)。Randolph Quirk等人在A Grammar of Contemporary English一书中根据语义分析将这两种动词再细分为若干动词。,III. 动词的语义特征,一、动态动词分为五种: 1表示活动的动词(activity verb) abandon,ask,call,help,learn,listen,look at,play,say,work,write等 2表示过程的动词(process verb) change, deteriorate, grow, mature, show d
5、own, widen等 3表示人体感觉的动词(verb of bodily sensation) ache, feel, hurt, itch等 4表示过渡性经历的动词(transitional event verb) arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose等 5表示动物短暂性的动词(momentary verb) hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap等,III. 动词的语义特征,二、静态动词分为两种 1表示情性感觉和认识的动词(verb of inert perception and cognition) abhor, adore
6、, astonish, believe, desire, detest, feel, hate, like, love, realize, recall等 2表示关系的动词(relational verb) apply to (everyone), be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve等,III. 动词的语义特征,根据次范畴化(subcategorization)规则,再可对动词进行语义特征分析。动词可分为及物和不及物两种。如kill和die这两个词,一个是及物的,一个是不及物的,前者带有使役
7、性特征Causative,后者不带此特征。Kill的意思是甲杀死乙,即甲致乙死亡,而die的意思是甲致甲死亡。为了表明两者之间的相互关系可用变项XY代表甲和乙,记作: kill = Cause X Die Y die = Cause X Die X 再如fell和fall, raise和rise均具有这种语义特征的区别。例如: The flowers have died. The frost has killed the flowers. The tree has fallen. Someone has felled the tree.,语义特征 Volitive区分动词,有些动词可根据语义特
8、征 Volitive加以区分。如look和see,listen和hear这两对词,前者带有意愿性特征,后者不带此特征。例如: John looked high and low for Mary, but he did not see her. We listened but could hear nothing. look 和listen常与带有Volitive特征的副词连用,下列句中均不能用see和hear来代替look和listen. John was looking intently at the pictures on the wall. If you look closely at
9、the question, you will find my answer is to the point. They are listening attentively to the lecture. Please listen carefully for the telephone while I am upstairs.,Vt/Vi,英语中有的动词既可作及物用又可作不及物用,两种用法的区别主要看它是否有使役性特征。例如: My dog was walking. I was walking my dog. Joe stood (against the wall). They stood J
10、oe against the wall.,IV. 语义特征分析的意义,对词的语义特征进行分析有助于掌握词的正确用法和生成合乎语法的句子。试以动态动词kick和persuade与静态动词own和resemble之间的区别为例说明如下: (1)动态动词可用于命令句,而静态动词一般不用于这一类句中。例如: Kick the ball! Persuade him to leave! * Own the house. * Resemble your father.(2)动态动词可用进行体,而静态动词一般不以进行体形式出现。例如: The girl is kicking the ball. The gir
11、l is persuading him to leave. * The patron is owning the house. * The girl is resembling her father.,IV. 语义特征分析的意义,(3)动态动词可用于内嵌句(embedded sentence)中,即通常所说的复合宾语(complex objects),而静态动词则不能这样用。例如: I told the girl to kick the ball. I told the girl to persuade him to leave. * I told the girl to own the ho
12、use. * I told the girl to resemble her father.(4)在带有do代词形式的假拟分裂句(pseudo-cleft sentence with do pro-form)中只能用动态动词而不用静态动词。例如: What I did was (to) learn the language. * What I did was to know the language. 上述第二点提到静态动词一般不用进行体,这里要作一点补充说明。有的静态动词如hope和wonder等可用进行体,表示婉转口气。例如: Im hoping to hear from you as soon as possible Im wondering if I may have a word with you,Thank You!,