1、第十五章,连词和感叹词,一 连词概说 连词的定义与特征15.1 1）连词 连接词、短语、从句或句子的词. Get your pen and paper ready,please. 2)连词是虚词，它在句中一般不重读，也不能在句子中单独作句子成分。 3）在英语里连词用的比在汉语里多，汉语往往不需要连词，但英语要。如汉语说“我们拿着书到阅览室去”，译成英语是：We took our books and went to the reading-room. 种类 15.2 从连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质来看，可分为两类,1）等立连词 连接彼此是并列的词、短语或句子的连词，叫做等立连词。如and
2、,or,but,for,therefore,not onlybut also,neithernor 2)从属连词 引导从句的连词叫做从属连词。它有：a)引导名词性从句的：that,if,weatherb)引导状语从句的：when,although,though,if,because,so that等 15.3 从连词本身的形式来看，又可分为： 1）简单连词for,but,since,after 2)关联连词bothand,not onlybut also,3)分词连词 由动词的分词转变为连词supposing,provided 4)短语连词as if, as soon as, in order
3、 that 二常用连词举例（包括连接副词）after 在之后 After we had listened to the lecture, we held a discussion on it.although 虽然 Although there was a severe drough, they get a harvest.and和，并且 My uncle lives and works in Hong Kong.,and yet然而，可是 The man hunted for jobs in New York for months, and yet he could not find any
4、 work.as 1) 如一样（表示比较） It is just as you told me. 2)当，随着 As I was coming here,I met Mr.Wilson. 3)由于（表示原因） As he was not feeling well, we all told him to stay at home.,4)按照，正如 Do as the teacher says. 5)虽然，尽管=though注意as必须在主语之前，表语或谓语动词之后） Rich as he is, he is not happy.asas和一样 This apple is as big as th
5、at one.as far as 就 As far as I know, we shall have a seminar on Tuesday.as if 宛如 It looks as if it is going to rain.,as long as 1）只要（表示条件） You can go out so long as you promise to be back before 5 oclock. 2) 有之久 You may keep the book as long as you like.as soon as一就 Come as soon as you can.as well a
6、s 不仅，和，以及 He is learning French as well as English.,because因为 I eat potatoes because I like them.before 在之前 Think well before you decide.besides 此外 It is late; besides I am too tired to go out.bothand 和 ，不但而且 He is both a genenal and a poet.but可是 Id love to come but I cant.,but then但是，另一方面 She is ve
7、ry hard-working indeed,but then she always has been, hasnt she?by the time 到时候 By the time we got there, the show had begun.eitheror 或或非此即彼 Either you come to the office now, or wait for me at home.even if=even though I shant mind even though he doesnt come.every time 每当 Every time I come, he is rea
8、ding.,for因为 She felt no fear,for she was a brave girl.hence所以 My mother is by herself;hence I must go home.however然而，可是 He said he was certain. However he was wrong.if 1)假说，如果说 He will come if you ask him. 2)是否=whether I wonder if well have exams this afternoon.,case以防 Take an umbrella with you in c
9、ase it should rain.in order that为了，以便 We all get up early in order that we might start at seven.in the meantime当之时 He will be back in ten minutes. In the meantime lets wait outside.lest 以免 Take care lest you should catch influenza.neithernor既不也不 Neither you nor I should do it.,neverless然而，但是 There w
10、as no news,neverless,she went on hoping.no matter不论 That is wrong, no matter who says it.nor也不 Without their help,you cant do it. Nor can I .no soonerthan一就 No sooner had I gone outside than the phone rang.,not nolybut also不但而且 She not noly sings like an angel, but also dances beautifully.now; now t
11、hat现在，既然 Now (that) you are a big boy you must behave better.on the contrary 恰恰相反 The book is not easy. On the contrary,its rather difficult.on (the) one handon the other (hand)一方面另一方面 On the one hand I wanted to visit my teacher in hospital; on the other hand, I didnt want to disturb his rest.,once
12、一 旦 Once a beginning is made, the work is half done.only只是，不过 Id be too glad to help, only Im going away on business.or 1）或 After supper we often watch TV or go for a walk. 2)否则 Take a flash-light with you, or you will lose your way in the dark.,or else否则 Hurry up, or else youll miss the last bus.ot
13、herwise否则 You must work hard; otherwise you will not learn English well.provide 如果；以为条件 I will come provided I have time.so 于是 He told me to do it and so I did it.sothat如此以致 He was so angry that he could not speak.,so that 1)以便（表目的） The English teacher spoke slowly so that everyone would understand.
14、 2)以致（表结果） He fell in the water,so that all his clothes got wet.still可是，还 I like dogs still I dont care to own one.than比 Light travels much faster than sound.,that 1)引导宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句 We all know that failure is the mother of success. 2)引导状语从句表示“以便” They set off half an hour earlier that they might g
15、et there in time.the moment一就 The moment the speaker appeared on the platform, we all stood up and clapped warmly.therefore 所以 I wasnt there, therefore I didnt see.,though 虽然 Strange though it may seem, he got up early.unless除非 Unless we are very careful, we cant do our work well.until直到 We must wai
16、t until he comes.when 1)当 When it rains, he stays at home.,2)就在那时候 We were picking cotton when it begin to rain. 3)既然 I cant tell you anything when you wont listen. 4)虽然 I let off steam when I shouldnt.whatever 1)任何事情，什么都 We must do whatever the people want us to do. 2)不管，不论 Whatever happens, well c
17、arry on the experiment.,Whenever不论何时 They can come whenever it is convenient for them.where在的地方 Put it where you found it.whereas 然而 Whereas some people like rice, others like buns.wherever不论如何 Sit wherever you like.whether是否 I dont remember whether I read this article before.,while 1）当时期 Please don
18、t talk so loud while people are reading. 2)而（表对照） You clean the windows while I sweep the floor. 3)虽然 While I like the color of it, I dont like its shape.whoever 任何人 Whoever makes mistakes must correct them.,yet然而 It is strange, yet it is true.,三 感叹词概说 1）感叹词表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词。如感叹词oh可以表示赞叹或惊讶，alas表示痛苦。 2）常当作独立成分看 感叹词在意义上与句子由所关联，但在结构上，它常被当做独立成分看 Im sorry. I forgot all about it. Oh,its nothing.,
