构词法之派生.ppt

1、Word Formation in English,phil-anthrop-ist,root/base derived from Greek, meaning “love”,allomorphs: -phile; philo-,root/base derived from Greek, meaning “man”,allomorph: anthropo-,Suffix, meaning “one who does or practices”,etymology: old French -iste and Latin -ista from Ancient Greek -ists.,deriva

2、tional morpheme,None （indecomposability）,Adjective（indecomposable）,-ity (-ility),in-,Adjective（decomposable）,Verb（decompose）,-able,de-,Verb（compose）,com-,Verb,pose,Formation of words,free=free rootMorphemebound rootbound prefixaffix derivational suffixinflectional,Affixation-the morphological proces

3、s,word formation in English,main processes,minor processes,Prefixation,Suffixation,Conversion,Compounding,Clipping or shortening,Acronyms,Blending,Back-formation,Analogical creation,Onomatopoeia,Coinage,1. Negative prefixes a- (or an-): anarchy-absence of government or control dis-: discancer-to dep

4、rive of cancer in- (or il-, or im-, or ir-): incorrect; illogical; immortal; irrelevant non-: nonsmoker; non-U (BrE.) un-: uninformative; unbooked;,Prefixation,2. Reversative or privative prefixes de-: dis-: un-: 3. Pejorative prefixes mal-: mis-: pseudo-:,Prefixation,defrost; deforestation,disown;

5、discolored,unpack; unhorse,maltreat; malfunction,mishear; misbehaved,pseudonym; pseudoscience,4. Prefixes of degree or size arch-: archenemy (chief enemy); archangel co- (or com, or col, or con, or cor):coeducation; combat; colleague; concur; correspondence hyper-: hypermarket (a very large shopping

6、 mall including a supermarket. mini-: (maxi-; midi-) out-: outlive (to live longer than) over-: overeat; overwork sub-: subnormal (below normal) super-: supersized; supernatural; superman,Prefixation,sur-: surpass (to go beyond in amount or degree) ultra-: ultraconservative (extremely conservative)

7、under-: underestimate; undercharge 5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude anti-: anti-art; antinovel contra-: contradiction; contrafactual counter-: counterattack; counteract pro-: pro-student (favoring or siding with students),Prefixation,6. Locative prefixes fore-: forehead; foreword inter-: inte

8、rview; interwar sub-: submerge (go under the surface of water); submarine super-: superscript; superstructure trans-: transplant; transform 7. Prefixes of time and order ex-: ex-wife; ex-president fore-: foretell; foresight post-: post-liberation; post-classical pre-: preschool; prehistory re-: revi

9、ew; recheck; renew,Prefixation,8. Number prefixes bi-, di-: bilingual; dioxide multi-, poly-: multi-media; polysemy semi-, demi-, hemi-: semiannual; demigod; hemisphere tri-: triangle; trillion uni-, mono-: uniform; monoplane 9. Miscellaneous neo-classical prefixes auto-: autobiography; automation e

10、xtra-: extralinguistic; extracurricular neo-: neo-Nazi; neology,Prefixation,paleo-: paleozoology pan-: Pan-Americanism proto-: protohistory; protozoology tele-: telescope; telegram; television vice-: vice-president; viceroy 10. Conversion prefixes a-: asleep; awash; aloud be-: befogged; befriend; be

11、witch en-, em- (before -p or -b): endanger; embitter,Prefixation,1. None suffixes: -age; -dom; -ery, -ry (eps. After l or t); -ful; -hood; -ing; -ism; -ocracy; -ship; -eer; -er; -ess; -ette; -let; -ling; -ster; -ant; -ee; -or; -al; -ation; -ment; -ity; -ness; -ese; -(i)an; -ist; -ite; 2. Adjective s

12、uffixes: -ed; -ful; -ish; -less; -like; -ly; -y; -al; -esque; -ic; -(i)ous; -able; -ive; 3. Adverb suffixes:-ly; -ward; -wise; 4. Verb suffixes: -ate; -en; -ify; -ize (-ise);,Suffixation,None （indecomposability）,Adjective（indecomposable）,-ity (-ility),in-,Adjective（decomposable）,Verb（decompose）,-able,de-,Verb（compose）,com-,Verb,pose,