1、基本句型的转换与扩大,龙绍赟,基本句型的转换与扩大,1 概说 句子的直接成分是主语和谓语。构成主语的名词词组在结构上比较划一，而构成谓语的动词词组在结构上却变化多样，有时可以由谓语动词独立充当谓语，有时谓语动词须带宾语或补语。谓语动词的类别决定着不同的谓语结构，而不同的谓语结构又决定着不同的句型。英语的基本句型（BASIC SENTERCE PATTERNS）主要有五种，它们是：“主动补”结构，“主动”结构，“主动宾宾”结构，“主动宾补”结构。,当代有些语法书在上述五种基本句型之外，再加两种，即“主动状”结构和“主动宾状”结构。这样就成了七种句型。七种句型的划分是有其独到之处的，因为状语在由某
2、些动词构成的句子中是不可缺少的成分。但是，我们认为，这样的句毕竟是有限的，大量出现的还是前面五种。因此，我们还是采用五种基本句型。,基本句型,She is in good health. The plan sounds perfect.That project seems impossible.This material feels soft.You do look well.Its getting dark.My aim was to help her.This is what I want.,由上述诸例可以看出，构成SVC句型的谓语动词都是连系动词。连系动词带有的主语补语可以是名词词组、形
3、容词组、介词词组、非限定动词词组或名词性分句等。,B 基本句型（二）：“主动”结构，字母代号为SVIron rusts.The telephone rang.The plane is taking off .The shop has colsed.His father might have died.They have been singing for half an hour.You ought to have got up earlier. 由上述诸例可以看出，构成SV句型的谓语动词一般是不及物动词。在这种句型中，状语并非结构上不可或缺的成分。,但是，在某种情况下，状语成分必不可少。例如：
4、He lives in Shanghai.Shakespeare lived in the 16th century.The Hunters are staying in the Peace Hotel.The train leaves at eight.They will be flying to London. 在上述诸例中如果省略 in Shanghai等状语成分，便不能表达完整思想，因此有些语法书把这类句子连同上述The gramophone is on the table 一起划入SVA句型。,C 基本句型（三）：“主动宾”结构，字母代号为SVO（O=DIRECT OBJECT）He
5、 opened the door.This factory makes machine tools.Mary has ordered a new dress.You may have seen each other.She has been looking for her lost watch.He will be doing his best. 由上述诸例可以看出，构成SVO句型的谓语动词一般都是及物动词。这类动词后面只跟一个宾语，因此又叫单宾语及物动词（MONOTRANSITIVE VERB）。SVO句型一般不需要状语成分即可表达完整思想。但在某些情况下，状语成分必不可少。例如：,He p
6、ut the vase on the table.Jim brought his suitcases upstairs.Ill take Mary to the station.They treated him kindly. 在上述例句中，如果拿掉on the table，upstairs，to the station，kindly等状语成分，句子的思想就不完整。因此有的语法书把这类句子划为单独一种句型SVOA。,D 基本句型（四）：“主动宾宾”结构，字母代号为SVoO（o=INDIRECT OBJECT）。例如：He gave me a book.I sent him a telegram
7、.She told me a story.I bought him a novel.Mr Blake lent me his car. 由上述诸例可以看出，构成SVoO句型的谓语动词一般只限于某些双宾语及物动词（DITRANSITIVE VERB），即能跟有间接宾语和直接宾语的及物动词。,E 基本句型（五）“主动宾补”结构，字母代号为SVOCWe have proved him wrong.They made Smith their spokesman.They have elected him president.We kept him off cigarettes. 由上述诸例可以看出，构
8、成SVOC句型的谓语动词只限于某些能带复杂宾语（COMPLEX OBEJECT）的及物动词，这类动词叫做复杂宾语及物动词（COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERB），即能跟有宾语和宾语补语的及物动词。,所谓“单宾语”、“双宾语”和“复杂宾语”及物动词的划分也是相对的，其中有许多交叉现象。例如：I found a novel.I found him a novel.I found the novel very interesting. found在上列第一句中是单宾语及物动词；在第二句中是双宾语及物动词；而在第三句中则是复杂宾语及物动词。 当代有些语法书把The gramophone is
9、 on the table.这类句子划为另外一种句型SVA（A=ADVERBIAL）。,上述五种句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，千变万化的英语句子就是由它们演变而来的。现在我们看一看基本句型的几种主要的转换形式。 A 陈述句变疑问句英语的一般词序是主谓结构。如果谓语动词或其作用词（没有作用词的得借助do的适当形式为作用词）与主语掉换位置，那就意味着句子功能的变化，即陈述句变为疑问句。例如：,She is a chambermaid. Is she a chambermaid? He has some paperbacks. Has he amy paperbacks? John is comi
10、ng too. Is John coming too? Jane will help you. Will Jane help you? She has been waiting. Has she been waiting?What has she been doing? He speaks French. Does he speak French?What language does he speak? He went to England. Did he go to England?Where did he go?,陈述句变疑问句时如果以疑问代词作主语或主语为疑问词修饰时，就不必掉换词序。例
11、如：Mary teaches me English. Who teaches you English?THese are todays topics. What are todays topics?That coat is mine. Which one is yours?,B 肯定句变否定句由肯定句变否定句须加否定词not。如果谓语是由复杂动词词组构成，则将否定词not置于作用词之后。例如：He will come. He will not come.He may have arrived. He may not have arrived.如果肯定句的谓语是由简单动词词组构成，就得以助动词d
12、o的适当形式作为作用词，置于速写词和主动词之前。如：He smokes a pipe. He does not smoke a pipe.She went to China. She didnt go to China.,如果简单动词词组以主动词be或have为中心词，那就以其本身作用词加否定词not。例如：She is a nurse. She is not a nurse.He has three children. He hasnt three children.如果否定词不是not，而是never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，rarely等，就可以不借助作用词，直接置
13、于简单谓语动词之前。例如：He never speaks English.,He hardly (ever) helped anybody.He scarcely (ever) spoke to Georges father.She seldom goes out.She rarely goes to a football match.,如果谓语是以复杂动词词组构成，上述这些否定词，和not一样，还是位于作用词之后。例如：如果否定词是no，其位置在被否定的名词之前。例如：John has no sister.Im no scholar.There are no clouds in the sk
14、y.No admittance except on business.,如果否定词是none，nothing，nobdy，no one等，可用作主语或宾语。例如：I have spoken to nobody about you.No one will go.He could do nothing about it.None has /have arrived yet.There is nobody there.,如果否定词是neither，nor，则否定句可采取以下形式：Neither sentence is correct.The enemy couldnt make any advanc
15、e,neither/nor could they retreat.Neither John nor Mary konws/know Chinese.Neither of them was /were in good health.,C 主动句变被动句主动句变被动句是通过谓语动词由主动态变被动态以及主语和宾语位置变动的方式来实现的。例如：They built a house. A house was built by them.Capitalists exploit workers. Workers are exploited by capitalists.We have proved him
16、wrong. He has been proved wrong.He gave me a book. I was given a book. (A book was given to me.),D There +be + NP结构There +be + NP结构是一种表示“存在”的句型。在这种结构中，非重读there是引导词，本身没有意义，主语通常在谓语动词be之后。谓语动词be须与主语保持“数”的一致。例如：There is a book on the desk.There are tractors in the fields.Was there anybody in the room?We
17、re there any desks and chairs in the room?There isnt a doctor in the village.There cant be any doubt about it.There wont be any trouble.There has never been any difficulty.What is there on the table?,这种结构的谓语动词也可以是seem to be,happen to be,appear to be之类的动词结构，还可以是come,go,stand之类的动词。例如：There seems to be
18、 no doubt about it.There happened to be an empty cart nearby. There appeared to be no one who could answer the question.There comes the ambulance.There goes the bell.There stands a new building by the side of the river., 本书也可变为 He doesnt have three children. 但在口语中，theres后面出现复数的主语是常有的。例如：Theres worse
19、 things than that.Theres lots of good fish in the sea.Theres two patients in the waiting room.,基本句型的扩大,上述五种基本句型及其转换形式，还可以通过增加修饰语等手段加以扩大，使之成为表达多种思想的活的言语。 A 扩大方式之一 增加修饰语修饰语（MODIFIERS）包括名词修饰语和状语，可以分别由名词词组、形容词词组和副词词组来担任，也可以由介词词组和非限定动词词组来担任。例如：1）SVCA beautiful vase was for sale.The man got violently angr
20、y.The visitors from U.S.A. are ready to leave.,The man smoking a pipe is Mr. Whitaker. The picture painted by the famous artist must be very valuable. The question to be discussed this afternoon is about education. The African people have long been our close friends in fighting against imperialism a
21、nd hegemonism.,2.SV,The bank closes at half past three on weekdays. The Japanese troops surrendered unconditionally in 1945. The grain stores colsed very early that afternoon. The little boy walked quite steadily and surely along the narrow wall.,3） SVO,We must get something to eat. The American gir
22、l ,in her letter to a Chinese friend, expressed her strong wish to visit China again. The warehouses worst affected contained a large quantity of timber and building materials.,4） SVOo,Last Saturday, an old woman worker told the students the bitter story of her childhood. Such an arrangement will su
23、rely spare us a lot of trouble in solving this problem. This will surely save us a lot of money.,5） SVOC,The teacher once considered Tom among the cleverest of the class. We found the lecture room full of people listening attentively to an important report on the radio. We didnt hold him responsible
24、 for what had happened.,B 扩大方式之二以限定分句（FINITE CLAUSE）充当主语、宾语、补语、名词修饰语、状语、同位语等 1）作主语（即主语从句） What he told me the other day has nothing to do with this problem. When we should hold the meeting will be decided tomorrow. Who is to head the group is a question to be considered by the authorities. Whether t
25、hey will come or not depends on the weather.,2）作宾语：（即宾语从句）,I cant imagine why he should be late every day. He told me how he managed to accomplish the task. No one knows who wrote this article. Everyone could see (that) Tom was an intelligent boy.,3）作补语,Even the mountains here are no longer what the
26、y used to be.（表语从句） The question under discussion now is where they should bukod the fatory.（表语从句） He has fallen ill.Thats why hes absent from work.（表语从句） It is the Party that has made me what I am now.（宾语补足语） You can call him what you like,but you wont make him what he isnt.（宾语补足语）,4） 作名词修饰语：（即定语从句
27、） The man who wrote the play was a worker. This is the book I bought yesterday. Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived? Is she the girl whose grandpa was a Red Army man? The building which stands at the foot of the hill is a new middle school of the commune. There will be a day when
28、people all over the world will live happlily under the sun of communism. The reason why hes late is that there was a breakdown on the railway.,5） 作状语（即状语从句）,I met Geoffrey when I was in Beijing. You may park your car where there is a parking sign. One surely can get good results if he works hard. He
29、 was absent because he was running a fever. John gave it away although Mary wanted it.,6） 作同位语：（即同位语从句）,The belief that no one is infallible is well-founded. The fact that the machine doesnt work properly suggests that its not well made. There is no indication in the letter whether he had learned an
30、ything about it. I quite agree with the old saying that a rolling stone gathers no moss. Any proposals that John should be dismissed must be resisted. （注：that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当句子成分，而在它引导的定语从句中却充当句子成分。）,C 综合运用前两种扩大手段，可造出更加复杂的句子，表达更加复杂的思想。Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild m
31、aster and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes
32、.,上述长句就其结构来说不过是SVC和SVO句型的综合和扩大。它的基本“格局”是：Freeman and slavestood in constant oppsition ，（and）carried on an uninterrupted fight。,又例如： Perhaps the greatest difficulty that confronts anybody trying to convey the remote beauty of so much of the coast of Wales west of Llanddudno and Swansea is that any su
33、mmary, let alone a detailed description, will appear exaggerated to all but the very few who have penetrated onto the headlands walked long lengths to which access is happily not available in any other way.,这一更加复杂的长句不过是SVC句型的扩大。它的基本“格局”是：Perhaps the greatest difficulty. is that.。,又例如： Her mouth and
34、chin ,they said, were too large and full, and so they might be for a goddess in marble, but not for a woman whose eyes were fire, whose look was love, whose voice was the sweetest low song, whose shape was perfect symmetry, health, decision, activity, whose foot as planted itself on the ground was f
35、irm but flexible, and whose motion, whether rapid or slow, was always perfect grace-agile as a nymph, lofty as a queen-now melting, now imperious, now sarcastic- -there was no single movement of hers but was beautiful.,这一更长更复杂的句子也不过是两个SVC句型的并列。它的基本“格局”是：Her mouth and chin,were too large and full,and so they might be for a goddess in marble,but not for a woman whose.。,
