1、名词,名词 (Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。,地点，团体或机构的专有名称（第一个字母要大写） 例：China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国
2、 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。,普通名词分类（1）,表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。 （例如:teacher 老师tea 茶 reform 改革） 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1. 个体名词（Individual Nouns）:表示单个的人和事物。 （car 汽车 room 房间 fan 风扇 picture 照片） 2. 集体名词（Collective Nouns）: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 ( peo
3、ple 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 ) 3. 物质名词（Material Nouns）:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 ( fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk牛奶 ) 4. 抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 ( labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 ),普通名词分类（2）,名词又可分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns） 不
4、可数名词：不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西；它一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词,可数名词： 可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西；因此它有复数形式 。,名词的功能,名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补足语,表语以及名词短语作状语。1.主语：The bag is in the desk. 书包在桌子里边。 2.宾语：I washed my clothes yesterday. 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 3.表语：This is a good
5、book. 这是一本好书。 4.宾语补足语：We selected him our monitor. 我们选他为我们的班长。 5.介词宾语：Mary lives with her parents. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。 6.定语：He is a Party member. 他是一位党员。,可数名词的复数,可数名词有单数和复数两种形式： 1. 单数名词词尾加s （例：mapmaps ，boyboys ，horsehorses ，tabletables） 2. s , x , sh , ch结尾的词加es. （例：classclasses , boxboxes , busbuses ,dis
6、hdishes） 3.以o结尾的词,变复数时有生命加es。无生命加s （heroheroes ,negronegroes ,tomato,tomatoes，potatopotatoes） 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s （例：familyfamilies , citycities, partyparties） 5. 以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。 （例：shelfshelves , wolfwolves , lifelives , knifeknives） 6.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加s,读|z|,7. 名词
7、复数的不规则变化： （1）childchildren footfeet toothteeth mousemice ox - oxen manmen womanwomen an Englishmantwo Englishmen,（2）单复同形 deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese， species，means , Swiss 除人民币，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters （3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 people police cattle是复数 （OK ：a pe
8、rson，a policeman，a head of cattle , the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss ） （Error： a people，a police，a cattle ） 表示国民总称时，作复数用。 （The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。）,（4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词 1.maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 2.news是不可数名词，还有：knowledge, info
9、rmation。 3.the United States，the United Nations （应视为单数） （ The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 ） 4.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 （“The Arabian Nights“ is a very interesting story-book. ）,（5) 表示由两部分构成的东西， glasses（眼镜） trousers （长裤） clothes （衣服） 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双) a pair of gl
10、asses; two pairs of trousers suit(套) （6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思 goods （货物） waters （水域） fishes （各种鱼）,定语名词的复数,名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外： （1) 用复数作定语。 sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 （2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 men worke
11、rs women teachers gentlemen officials,（3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 goods train (货车) arms produce （武器生产） customs papers （海关文件 ） clothes brush （衣刷）（4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 two-dozen eggs (两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) ） a ten-mile walk （十里路） two-hundred trees (两百棵树) a five-year plan. (一个五年计划) a seven-year-old child (一个七
12、岁的孩子) 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。 （scissors 剪刀 goods 货物trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯）,不可数名词量的表示,（1）物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 O
13、ur country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two cups of tea, please. (可数,但是CUP可数,不是茶可数.) 请来两杯茶。,不可数名词量的表示,（2） 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议,名词所有格,1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下： (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名
14、词常在词尾加s。 Childrens Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书) (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。 Teachers Day(教师节) 特殊的名词复数仍要加 s如children就是child的名词复数形式它变所有格时则必须加 s,名词所有格,(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutesbreak(十分钟的课间休息), Chinas population(中国的人口). (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表
15、示所有关系。 a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿) 表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者,名词的双重所有格,物主代词不可与： a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no,each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。 公式为： “a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词”,1.双重所有格是由非生物的所有格(即of+名词)与生物的所有格(如mothers, Toms等)共同
16、构成的。 2.双重所有格的形式可为：”名词+of+名词的所有格”,其中of后面的生物的所有格之后的名词被省略;也可为“名词+of+所有代名词” 3.双重所有格多由a, an, this, that, these, those, any, some, each, every, many, more,most, either, neither, no, much, another, several, enough, such, one, two等冠词、指示形容词、不定形容词、数量词或疑问形容词which+名词+of+名词的所有格或所有代名词构成。,注意事项,1、 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即
17、：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式： The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 2、集体名词(family,class, team, group, row, police, school)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：His family is large.（她的家人很多） 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：His family are all teachers(她的家人都是老师) 3、C
18、hinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。 There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) Thereare some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊),4、 maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数： The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 5、glasses, shoes, socks,trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如： The trousers are ve
19、ry cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如： A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句),7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。The teacher and his son are picking apples no
20、w.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) Fish and chipsis very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) 8、 therebe 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。 There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) 9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。 Both you and Iare required to be heretomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) 10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。 A woman with a 7-
21、year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边),11、as well as 和名词连用时,谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。 He as well as I is responsible for it.（不但是我，他对这件事也有责任） 12、eitheror或者neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。 Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) Neither you nor I am going there.
22、(你和我都不打算去那里) 13、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。 Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间) Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离),14、主语中含有half of / (threequarters)of / all (of) the 等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定 Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. (因特网
23、上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) Threequarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人). (这个城市四
24、分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数),名词口诀,人和事物各有名，万千名目可辨清。表示名称即名词，具体抽象有不同。 时间空间和地点，方向位置有专称。主宾定表都可作，名词具有多功能。,四六级作文常用词汇（陆续完善中）,素质教育 Education for all round development 应试教育 The examination-oriented education 义务教育 Compulsory education,片面追求升学率 Place undue emphasis on the proportion of students entereing schools of a hig
25、her level 高分低能 Good scores but low qualities 扩招,教书育人 Impart knowledge and educate people 因材施教 Teach students according to their aptitude 提高身心素质 improve the health and psychological quality 大学生创业 The university students innocvative undertakings,社会实践 Social practice 文凭 Diplomas and certificates 复合型人才
26、Interdisciplinary talents 文化底蕴 The rich cultural deposits 适应社会的改变 Adjust to the social changes 满足社会的急需 Meet the urgent needs of the society,工作类,崇高职业 Noble career 白领工作 White-collar workers 跳槽 Job hopping 试用期 Probationary period 人才流动和双向选择 Talent flow and a dual-way selection,自由职业 Freelance work 拜金主义 M
27、oney worship 获得名利 Achieve fame and wealth 充分发挥个人的潜力 Develpe fully ones potential and creativity 实干精神 Steadfast and earnest in ones work,工作出色 Excel in ones work 无忧无虑 Be care-free 社会和个人的尊重 Social and personal esteem 生计问题a bread and butter issue 生活补助 Living subsidies,人才交流 Talents exchange 培养人才 Cultivat
28、e talents 推荐人才 Recommend the virtuous and able 人才外流brain drain 优化产业结构 Optimize the structure,精简人员 Cut off the overstaffed offices 提高综合素质 Improve the comprehensive quality 解决劳动就业问题 Tackle the problem of labor force utilization 坚持改革 Be persistent in the reform progress,造成失业问题 Bring about the unemploym
29、ent problem 下岗人员 The laid-off workers 自谋生路 Be self-employed 给出优惠政策 Give preferential treatment 享受失业救济金 Enjoy unemployment pension,需要安全感和生活保障 Need a sense of security and guarantee of life 劳动力短缺 Shortage of manpower 提高文化，智慧，品质修养 enhance their cultural and moral quality 人才流动和双向选择 Talent flow and dual-
30、way selection,医药卫生类,卫生环境 Sanitary environment 营养不良 Malnutrition 杀虫剂 Pesticide 传染病 Infectious disease 呼吸疾病 Respiratory disease,商业类,假冒伪劣 Forged and fake commodities 物美价廉 Goods with high quality and low price 售后服务 After sale service 家用电器 Household electrical applicances 旺季 During peak selling seasons 保
31、持市场良好的秩序 Keep market in good order 垄断市场 Monopolize the market,促销 Promote sales 提高购买力 Raise the purchasing power 刺激购买力 Stimulate the desire to buy 超前消费 Premature consumption国有企业 State-owned enterprise 私人企业 Private enterprise 偷税漏税 Tax evasion,社会道德类,遵守公德 Comply with public morality 物质和精神文明建设 Material a
32、nd ideological progress 守法 Observe/obey the law 遵守交规 Observe traffic regulations 要求索赔 Claim compensation,改进社会风气 Improve public morals 违法 Offend against the law 侵犯个人隐私 Invasion of privacy 违反公共规章 Break/violate public regulations 扰乱治安 disturb the social order 应该受法律严惩 Deserve to be punished heavily by t
33、he law,环保类,生态系统 Ecosystem 环保意识 Environmental awareness 生态失衡 Disruption of ecological balance 全球变暖 Global warming 温室效应 Greenhouse effect,沙尘暴 Sand/dust stroms 淡水资源短缺 Shortage of fresh water,讲练结合：,1. This is _ reading-room. A. the teachers B. teachers C. teachers D. the teachers 2. Nothing was found bu
34、t _ broken. A. the room window B. the rooms window C. the room of the window D. the window of room 3. How many_ would you like? A. paper B. bread C. pieces of papers D. pieces of bread,讲练结合：,4. He was praised for his _. A. brave B. bravery C. bravely D. great brave 5. Please get me a new _ when you
35、go to town. A. clothes B. dress C. clothing D. trousers 6. There are 34_ doctors in the hospital. A. woman B. women C. womans D. womens,讲练结合：,7. Some_ are even thinner than your little finger. A. bamboo B. bamboos C. kinds of bamboo D. kinds of bamboos 8. He was born in this town and now he lives in
36、 _. A. Building second B. Building Two C. the Building Two D. Building the Second 9. Old as he is, he has _to do every day. A. a lot of work B. much works C. lots of homeworks D. quite a lot of homeworks,讲练结合：,10. Jacks room is furnished with _. A. new furnitures B. many new furnitures C. many new p
37、ieces of furnitures D. many new pieces of furniture 11. Have you read _newspaper yet? A. todays B. Todays C. the todays D. your todays 12. Its not far, only _walk from here to our school. A. a ten minutes B. ten minutes C. a ten minutes D. ten minutes,讲练结合：,13. Last month, he wrote me _letter. A. a
38、1000-word B. 1000 words C. a 1000-words D. 1000 words 14. He had a _sleep yesterday. A. a good night B. a good-night C. a good nights D. good-nights 15. _is not a long way to drive. A. Three miles distance B. Three-mile distance C. Three miles distance D. A three-mile-distance,讲练结合：,16. His isnt fit
39、 for the work. Please get me _. A. something else B. somebody else C. someone elses D. somebodys else 17. Do you know how large _ is? A. population of China B. Chinese population C. China population D. Chinas population 18. _ is too much for the boy to carry. A. The box weight B. The boxs weight C.
40、The weight of the box D. The box of the weight,讲练结合：,19. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest _ shop? A. shoes B. shoe C. shoes D. shoes 20. What _ weather were having these days! A. nice B. a nice C. a bad D. worse 21. They say that the meeting will be _. A. of very important B. great importance
41、 C. of great importance D. great important,讲练结合：,22. Im going to call at _ this evening. A. Mr Black B. the Blacks C. Mr Blacks D. Blacks 23. What Darwin said was an attack on peoples religious _. A. belief B. beliefs C. beliefs D. believs 24. There are some _waiting for you outside. A. German B. Am
42、erican C. grown-up D. Japanese,讲练结合：,25. Their factory has developed a kind of _ to help people walk. A. machine B. machines C. a machine D. the machine 26. Therere many _ in my brothers album. A. leafs B. toys C. books D. stamps 27. Yesterday I went to the super market and bought a lot of _. A. tom
43、atoes B. potatos C. vegetable D. meats,讲练结合：,28. Upon hearing what I said, his _ rose. A. anger B. angry C. angrily D. angriness 29. Excuse me, can you change this _ for me? A. five-pound note B. five pounds note C. five-pound notes D. five pounds notes 30. You have to make _ for your journey A. pre
44、paring B. preparation C. a preparation D. preparations,讲练结合：,31. While washing up, she broke a _. A. glass wine B. wine glass C. glass of wine D. wine of glass 32. You have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _. A. fall B. reality C. practice D. deed 33. Heres my card, Lets keep in _. A.
45、 touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship,讲练结合：,34. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible, just have a little _. A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest 35. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him or her to leave a _. A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice 36. We walked all the
46、 _ to the museum. A. trip B. road C. way D. journey,37. Scientists are watching for the earliest _ of harmful _ on the worlds weather. A. signs; effects B. marks; affect C. tracks; affections D. instance; effections 38. These young people are now making an active _ to save the old temple. A. part B.
47、 effort C. decision D. plan 39. Dont push to the front; you have to wait your _. A. chance B. duty C. line D. turn 40. You need more _ to keep fit. A. practice B. train C. exercises D. exercise,sport、game、match、race 的区别：,1、sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如： People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) Our school football team wonthe league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛),
