1、第19讲,不定式（一）,19.1 不定式的结构形式,1. 不定式的一般形式、进行体和完成体形式： 不定式不带时（tense）的标记,也不受主语人称 （person）和数（number）的制约，但有体 （aspect）、态（voice）的形态变化。不定式 可以是一般形式（to write）,进行体形式（to be writing）, 完成体形式（to have written）以及完 成进行体形式（to have been writing）,I have a lot of work to do. She had no need to be worrying. He is said to have
2、 left Shanghai.,不定式的否定形式： We decided not to buy that house. 不定式的被动态： The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack. The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic.,2. 带to不定式与不带to不定式 A. 在情态助动词之后： B. 在半助动词之后： C. 在情态成语之后： D. 在rather than/sooner than 之后： E. 在“主动词+主
3、动词”固定搭配的第一主动词之后 F. 在“使役动词+宾语”之后： G. 在“感觉动词+宾语”之后：,H. 在“have known + 宾语”之后 I. 在help (或help+宾语)之后 J. 在介词except /but 之后 K. 在“why./ why not.?”之后 L. 在其他一些习惯用法中,在情态助动词之后用不带to不定式： You must do as youre told. 边际情态助动词之后有所不同: We neednt stay this evening. We dont need to stay this evening. I darent go there. Do
4、es he dare to go?,在半助动词之后用不带to不定式： Its sure to rain. Have you got to go to the dentists today? Youd better have that bad tooth pulled out. I happened to be out when he called.,在情态成语之后： I would rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. Id sooner stay at home. I would as soon do it by myself. Sinc
5、e its a fine day we might as well walk. He would rather listen to others than talk himself. I would just as soon stay as go.,当rather than/sooner than位于句首，后跟不带to不定式： Rather than cause trouble, he left. Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.当rather than/sooner than位于句中，后可
6、跟不带to不定式也可跟带to不定式： He decided to write rather than telephone. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.,在“主动词+主动词”固定搭配的第一主动词后 Lets make believe we have a million dollars. We hadnt time for lunch, but we made do with sandwiches. He let fall a hint
7、of his intentions. Dont let go of the handle. Ive heard tell of him.,在“使役动词+宾语”之后用不带to不定式： I will not let my children be treated in that way. Let there be an end of this misunderstanding. I dont know how she makes the money go round.,当使役动词为被动态时，不带to不定式转变为带to不定式： John made her tell him everything. -
8、She was made to tell him everything.,在“感觉动词+宾语”之后用不带to不定式： The two boys were sorry indeed to see him go. They didnt observe Christine come in and go upstairs. I watched him eat his breakfast. We feel the house shake. Look at that boy jump!,在“have known +宾语”之后用不带to不定式： I have never known that man smi
9、le. Have you ever known him tell a lie? 如果是被动态，则用带to不定式： That man has never been known to smile.,在help (或help+宾语)之后既可用带to不定式也可用不带to不定式： All this has helped to raise farm yields steadily. Can I help to lift this heavy box? Ill help you solve it. You may as well help me to get things straight.,在介词“exc
10、ept/but”之后： They did nothing except work. Theres no choice but to wait.,在SVC句型中： What he will do is to spoil the whole thing. All you do now is to complete the form. The only thing I can do now is to go on by myself. The thing to do now is to clear up this mess.,在why/why not之后： Why argue with him? W
11、hy not give Mary some flowers?,在其他一些习惯用法中： Go post a letter for me. Come have a chat with me. Ill try help him. Me borrow money from him!,19.2 关于不定式符号的几个问题,1. 不定式符号的单独使问题： 为了避免重复，可以省略不定式符号之后的动词原形及其补足成分。这种不定式符号的单独使用常见于非正式语体。 George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I dont think he really wants
12、to. You may go if you wish to. He always speaks faster than he needs to.,2. 不定式符号的省略问题： 当两个带to不定式由and或or连接时，第二个不定式符号常可省略。 I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. She asked me to telephone or wire to her on Monday.,在不用并列连词的情况下，第二个不定式符号不能省： Please go to the seaside to swim, to get sun
13、tanned.,3. 不定式符号to与介词to的辨别问题： A. 动词+介词to B. 动词+名词/代词+介词to C. 动词+-ed分词+介词to D. 动词+副词小品词+介词to E. 形容词+介词to F. 名词+介词to G. 以介词to结尾的复杂介词,这类搭配常见的有：add to, agree to, adhere to, admit to, allude to, amount to, attend to, attest to, bow to, cling to, come to, correspond to, confess to, consent to, contribute
14、to, object to, get to, pertain to, react to, resort to, submit to, succeed to, stick to, swear to, take to, trust to, witness to, yield to等,这类搭配常见的有：ascribe.to, apply.to, attribute.to, abbreviate.to, accustom .to, devote.to, dedicate.to, owe.to, prefer.to, reconcile.to, reduce.to, resign.to 等,这类搭配常见
15、的有be accustomed to, be abbreviated to, be reduced to, be resigned to, be reconciled to, be devoted to, be given to, be used to 等,这类搭配常见的有： Get round to, get down to, get near to, face up to, feel up to, look forward to 等,这类搭配常见的有： Adjacent to, averse to, deaf to, equal to, loyal to, preferable to, s
16、imilar to, superior to, sensitive to, tantamount to 等,这类搭配常见的有： Obstacle to, limit to, aid to, objection to, indifference to, key to, answer to, hinderance to,这类复杂介词常见的有： According to, as to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, thanks to, in addition to, in relation to,
17、with a view to, with an eye to,第20讲,不定式（二）,20.1 不定式与形容词的搭配关系,1.主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语： A. 表示喜怒哀乐的形容词+不定式 B. 表示运气好坏的形容词+不定式 C. 表示心理状态、个人态度的形容词+不定式 D. 表示性格特征和行为表现的形容词+不定式 能用于这种结构的形容词通常是一些动态形容词,He is glad to help others. She wasnt content to live a quiet life in a small town. John was very pleased to be given
18、 the job. I was surprised to see how angry he was.,He was lucky to find it. She was unlucky to spoil it. He was fortunate to escape being injured.,He is anxious to see her. He is not very keen to think about it. Im determined to finish the work tonight. We are ready to make the attempt.,She was care
19、less to break the cup. They were thoughtful to come home early. She was stupid to make such a mistake.,2. 主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语 A. 能以不定式结构作主语并能转换为先行it-结构。 To answer that question is difficult. It is difficult to answer that question. 能用于这种结构的形容词通常是一些静态形容词,B. 不能以不定式结构作主语因而不能转换为先行it-句型予以转换。 The coffee is bi
20、tter to taste. Theyre both very attractive to look at.,3. 主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。 He is quick to take offence. =He takes offence quickly. He is slow to react. =He reacts slowly. He was hesitant to take action. =He took action hesitantly. 能用于这类结构中的形容词在“深层结构”中往往变成了副词。,20.2 不定式与名词的搭配关系,1. 主动关系、动宾关系、同位关系：
21、 A.主动关系： B.动宾关系: C.同位关系：,He was the last guest to arrive. He is not the man to draw back when his dignity is concerned. Have you got a key to unlock the door? This is the best book on the subject to appear this year. 句中的名词是不定式结构的逻辑主语,He has a large family to support. This is the best book to read. T
22、here was really nothing to fear. 句中的名词是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,若不定式属于不及物动词或意义上、结构上需要，其后需加适当的介词。 She needs a friend to play with. There is something important to write home about.,有时，不定式结构与他所修饰的名词是一种同位关系： The boy had an impulse to jump over the fence. I have no wish to quarrel with you. He hit back the urge to te
23、ll a lie. Neither of them had any inclination to spend time with Philip.,2. 用主动态还是用被动态 作名词后置修饰语的不定式可以采取主动态，也可采取被动态。 Give me a list of people to invite /to be invited. 有些情况下，用主动态比被动态自然 Ive got letters to write tonight. 而在另外一些情况下，又以用被动态为妥 The cases to be investigated are not to be made public in press
24、.,3. “名词+不定式”与“名词+介词+-ing分词” 有些名词后用不定式或介词+-ing分词均可： The doctor made a bold attempt to save/at saving the childs life. They made an effort to finish/at finishing the work in one day, but they failed. Have you any intention to go/of going there?,有些名词后通常用不定式： They have the ability to produce nuclear we
25、apons. He is under no obligation to do that. Wood has a tendency to swell if it gets wet.,有些名词后通常用介词+-ing分词： There is no hope of winning the game. We must improve our method of teaching foreign languages.,20.3不定式与动词的搭配关系,1. 动词+不定式： 有些动词能直接带不定式，而不能直接带-ing分词。这类动词有：agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, c
26、laim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, profess, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow 等。,2. 动词+宾语+不定式 有些动词必须先带宾语然后再带不定式，而不能直接带不定式。从形式上看，能先带宾语然后再带不定式的动词有以下五小类： 1 see, hear, watch, f
27、eel 等感觉动词； 2 have, let, make, get等致使动词； 3 arrange for, ask for, rely on 等词组动词； 4 consider, declare, find, prove, think, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand 等表示心理状态的动词； 5 advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend, require, urge等表“劝告”、“禁止”、“允许”的动词。,3. 动词+（宾语）+不定式： 这一类动词，如：ask，
28、cant bear, hate, intend, like, prefer 等，即可直接带不定式，也可带宾语+不定式 She asked to be given more work to do They often asked us to go out for a walk. I cant bear to see you like this. The child couldnt bear me to be away so long.,其中大多数也可带that-分句： She asked that she be given more work to do. The child couldnt bear that I should be away so long.,有的还可直接带-ing分词结构： I hate troubling you about trifles. She preferred dressing formally to wearing sport clothes.,
