1、Lecture 10 Verb and Verb Phrase,Verbs - An Overview,Verbs are a class of words used to show the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be), possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb shows what something or someone does.,1. Classification of verbs1)
2、 Main verbs and auxiliaries2) Transitive verbs, intransitive verbs & linking verbs3) Dynamic verbs and stative verbs4) Single-word verbs and phrasal verbs5) Finite verbs and non-finite verbs6) Regular verbs and irregular verbs,1) Main verbs and auxiliaries,Main verbs are also called notional verbs f
3、unctioning as the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb phrase.Most statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs expresses the main action or state of being of the subject in the sentence and changes form according to the subject (singular, plural, 1st person, 2nd person,
4、 3rd person).,The main verb changes its form according to the verb form (perfect tense, past tense, simple tense) For example: Dogs usually chase cats. But my cat chases my dog. My cat is chasing my dog. My dog has sometimes chased my cat. But, only because my cat ate my dogs dinner. My cat has been
5、 eating my dogs dinner a lot.,Auxiliary verbs are used together with a main verb to give grammatical information and therefore add extra meaning to a sentence, which is not given by the main verb. They usually are used to form the passive voice, continuous tense, perfect tense.,Auxiliaries fall into
6、 three categories : primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries, semi-auxiliaries.,基本助动词有：be, do, have e.g.The students were praised by the principal.Do come and join us.What did she give to Halleck for his birthday?Joan has seen that movie.Be, Do and Have are auxiliary verbs, and also can be used as mai
7、n verbs. The verbs to be and to have are the most commonly used auxiliary verbs and work alongside the main verbs in any statement.,情态助动词共有13个：can / could, may / might will / would, shall / shouldmust, ought to dareneedused to!Note: Unlike other auxiliary verbs, modals only exist in their helping fo
8、rm; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence. The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.,半助动词指兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，如：I have to buy a new car.You dont have to buy a new car.He seems to be disappointed.He didnt seem to love her.,2) Transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and
9、linking verbs,A transitive verb always has an object. For example: “Many people walked across the bridge.” “Across“ in this sentence is the preposition to “the bridge“.An intransitive verb does not have an object. For example: “When I entered the room he looked up.” “Up“ here is an adverb, and does
10、not have an object,What is a linking verb? A linking verb is a word used to connect the subject of a sentence to further information about the state which the subject is in.,Point out the linking verbs 1. I am Zhu Zhenfei. 2. Surfing the Internet is really interesting. 3. We are now in need of Engli
11、sh teachers. 4. The question is how to solve the problem. 5. What we want to know is who will give us the lecture next Monday. 6. Your suggestion sounds reasonable. 7. It seems that everyone here knows him quite well. 8. Milk goes bad easily in summer if you do not put it in the fridge.,am,is,are,is
12、,is,sounds,seems,goes,BE VERBS or LINKING VERBS, include words such as: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being, became, go, seem, appear, and sometimes verbs of the senses like tastes, feels, looks, hears, and smells.连系动词（即系动词）用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质，特征或身份。常见的系动词是be ,它的三种变化形式为：am , is , are . 除了 be 动词
13、之外还有一些，他们大致可分为四类：,1. 表示“ 似乎”, 如： appear , seem,She appears/seems all right.They appear/seem in favor of the Internet.It appears/seems that she will win.It appears/seems to me that you are all mistaken.,试比较：He seems (to be) forty.He appears (to be) forty.,他似乎四十岁了。（说话人有一定根据）,他看上去四十岁。（从外表上看）,2. 表示“感觉”
14、，如： look , sound , feel , taste , smell,That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the Internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.,It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard days work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little
15、 nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.,表示 “变化 ”, 如: become, come, get, grow, turn, fall, go,Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you dont allow him to use the computer.Your son had grown much taller.He gets easily excited when playing computer games. She fell asleep the m
16、oment she got into bed.,4. 表示其他含义, 如: keep, remain, stay, stand, prove The Internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldnt keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool t
17、hat helps make our lives better.,使用连系动词时应当注意以下几个问题： 1. 除be以外的连系动词在用法上与be有点不同，有be 动词的句子变为疑问句或否定句时，直接前提或加not 。,He is in the classroom . 他在教室。 Is he in the classroom ? 他在教室吗？ He is not in the classroom. 他不在教室。,而其他连系动词变疑问句或否定句时与实义动词相同。The language spoken in these places stayed the same . Did the languag
18、e spoken in these places stay the same ? The language spoken in these places didnt stay the same .,2. (1) 一般来讲，连系动词之后用形容词作表语可表示主语的性质、特征，这时用“怎么样”提问。 如： The book is interesting . ( interesting 是形容词，表示主语book 的性质)对表语进行提问可以说： How is the book ?(这本书怎么样？）,(2) 名词作表语表示主语的身份，回答“什么”的问题。 如： He is a teacher . ( t
19、eacher 是名词，它表示主语的身份，对表语进行提问可以说：What is he ?),(3) 副词、数词、代词、介词短语、分词、动名词都可以作表语，分别表示不同的含义。 The professor is at home . 教授在家。 at home 为介词短语The computer is mine . 这台计算机是我的。mine 为代词Five and six is eleven . 五加六等于十一。eleven为数词 He is out . 他出去了。out 为副词My job is looking after the children .我的工作是照看小孩. looking.为动名
20、词短语The film is moving . 电影很动人。moving 为分词,常见连系动词的用法总结： 1. seem seem (to be) +表语 seem to have done sth. seem to be doing sth. seem +从句,2. become become + noun. become + adj. become + v-ed/ing,3. grow grow + adj. grow to do sth. grow into (= become),Its growing colder at night now. I grew to like the d
21、og. He has grown into a fine young man.,4. remain remain + n. remain + adj. remain + pron. remain + v-ed/-ing remain + prep. remain + to do sth.,Pracitce,1. The cloth that _ smooth and soft _.A. feels; sells wellB. feels; is well soldC. is felt; sells wellD. is felt; sells good 2. _ delicious, the f
22、ood was soon sold out. A. Tasted B. Being tastedC. Tasting D. To taste,3. Happy birthday, Alice! So you have _ twenty-one already.A. become B. turnedC. grown D. passed 4. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing.A. seat B. seatingC. seated D. to be se
23、ating,5. Be careful when you cross this busy street. If not, you may _ run over by a car.A. have B. get C. become D. turn 6. Your suggestion _ good.A. hears B. soundsC. listens to D. listens,7. The theory that he had stuck _ true. To proved B. proved C. Proving D. to prove,8. What he said caused us
24、_. A. to feel frightening B. feel frightened C. feeling frighten D. to feel frightened,9. We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _. A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad 10. The traffic lights _ green and I pulled away.A. came B. went C. got D.
25、grew,3) Dynamic verbs and stative verbs,a) Dynamic verbsb) Stative verbs,Dynamic verbs,There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe activities or events which can begin and finish.,Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the simple and perfect forms (pl
26、ays, played, has played, had played) as well as the continuous forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing).,Stative verbs are verbs that show a state and not an action. You can group verbs that show a state in the following ways: Verbs that show thought - know, believe, under
27、standVerbs that show possession - have, own, want, contain Verbs that show senses - hear, see, smell Verbs that show emotion - love, hate, want, need ,Stative verbs,e.g She believes in UFOs. The box contains 24 cans of soda. Yong owns three motorbikes.Note that we CANNOT use these verbs in the conti
28、nuous (progressive) forms; you CANT say “Yong is owning three cars.“ Owning is a state, not an action, so it is always in the simple form.,4) Single-word verbs and phrasal verbs,A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and preposition, a verb and an adverb, or a verb with both an adverb and a prepo
29、sition. a) Verb + prepositionb) Verb + adverb particlec) Verb + adverb particle + preposition,The adverb or preposition that follows the verb are sometimes called a particle. The particle changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways. They are also known as compound verbs, verb-adverb co
30、mbinations, verb-particle constructions“, “two-part words/verbs and three-part words/verbs (depending on the number of words).,Literal usage Many verbs in English can be combined with an adverb or a preposition, a phrasal verb used in a literal sense with a preposition is easy to understand. “He wal
31、ked across the square. Verb and adverb constructions are also easy to understand when used literally. “She opened the shutters and looked outside.“ “When he heard the crash, he looked up.“ An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the subject to
32、 the verb.,Idiomatic usage It is, however, the figurative or idiomatic application in everyday speech which makes phrasal verbs so important:“I hope you will get over your operation quickly.“ The literal meaning of “to get over”, in the sense of “to climb over something to get to the other side”, is
33、 not relevant here. Here “get over“ means “recover from“ or “feel better“.,get around:,Its hard to get around in some foreign cities if you dont know the language.It is hard to get around the taxes/ laws/regulation.,The news of their secret wedding soon got around.,open up:,Coughing like that might
34、open up your wound.,After a few drinks he began to open up a bit.,On the main road the car began to open up.,Now weve got a foot in the door, we are hoping to open up a big market in China.,look to:,You should look to your health.A country should look to its defences.People look to the day when worl
35、d peace will be reality.Look to see whether the road is clear before you cross.,Called off Carry out Catch up with Came to/round Cutting down Looked into Held up Turn up Keep off Knocked him out Let you off Leave out Mix up Bring up Blew it up Look out,Put off Look on Put up Running into Run up agai
36、nst Sold out Send for/call in Taking me in Turned down Turned out Work out Ended up/wound up Took on, worn out, give up,5) Finite verbs and non-finite verbs,Finite Verbs A finite verb (main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (pa
37、st / present etc) or number (singular / plural). For example: He lives in Germany. (he is the subject - lives describes what the subject does). Non-Finite Verbs A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the p
38、articiple. For example: He lived in Germany to improve his German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).,6) Regular verbs and irregular verbs,Regular verbs are conjugated to easy to learn rules. They all have a base form. e.g. to look A gerund (ing) form where ing is added to the end of the verb.
39、e.g. looking An -s form where s is added to the end of the verb. e.g. looks A past tense form where ed is added to the end of the verb. e.g. looked A past participle form where ed is added to the end of the verb. e.g. looked,Irregular verbs have no rules for conjugation. These can only be learnt in
40、context - sorry! They all have a base form. e.g. to run A gerund (ing) form where ing is added to the end of the verb. e.g. running An -s form where s is added to the end of the verb. e.g. runs A past tense form which must be learnt. e.g. ran A past participle form which must be learnt. e.g. run,A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood1) Tense and aspect 2) Active voice and passive voice,3) Indicative mood, imperative mood and subjunctive mood4) Finite verb phrases and non-finite verb phrasesa) Finite verb phrasesb) Non-finite verb phrases,
