1、初中语法 之 动词时态,Maggie,2012.8.9,动词的分类,实义动词系动词助动词情态动词,动词的基本形式,原形、三单过去式和过去分词现在分词,情态动词,用于表示说话人的感情或语气 can,may,should,shall,will,need.没有人称和数的变化,即:三单不加-s 用法 练习,一般现在时,一般将来时,一般过去时,过去将来时,现在完成时,过去完成时,过去进行时,一般现在时,构成:动词用原形或三单 用法 时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on
2、Sundays, etc 否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesnt,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词 练习,一般过去时,构成:-ed、不规则动词过去式 用法 时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long
3、 ago, once upon a time, etc. 否定式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词。 疑问式:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。 练习,构成:will,shall+动词原形,其中shall只用于第一人称。be going to +动词原形,表示主观打算,按计划,安排要发生的事情。 be to +动词原形,表示客观安排 be about to +不定式,意为马上要做某事,正要做某事。某些动词,可用进行时态表将来,如come, go, arrive, leave。 用法 时间状语:Tomorrow, n
4、ext day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 否定式:主语+am/is/are not going to do ;主语+will/shall not do+其他 疑问式:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 练习,一般将来时,过去将来时,构成:would + 动词原形,或将来时的其它过去构成形式was going to do 用法 时间状语:-soon/the next day-that-clause(名词性从句或上下文中-) 否定式:wouldnt 练习,现在进行时
5、,构成:主语+be +doing +其他 用法 时间状语:Now, at this time, days, look. listen等时间状语做标志 否定式:主语+be +not +doing+其他 疑问式:把be动词放于句首 练习,过去进行时,构成:主语+was/were +doing +其他 用法 时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 否定式:主语+was/were + not +doing+其他 疑问式:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写) 其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。 练习,
6、现在完成时,构成:主语+have/has +p.p(过去分词)+其他 用法 时间状语:yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 否定式:主语+have/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其他 疑问式:have/has+主语 +p.p(过去分词)+其他? 延续性动词和非延续性动词 have (has)been 和have (has) gone 的区别 练习,构成:过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”
7、构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。 用法 时间状语:(过去的过去) 否定式:had+not 疑问式:把had提前 练习,过去完成时,The End,The End,The End,The End 。,延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用 在具体的语言环境中,往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响,往往错误地直译为: He has fallen asleep for an hour. 他睡了一小时了。() His father has died for three years. 他父亲去世三年了。() 当出现这种情况时,我们往往采取以下解决方法:,非延续性动词和延续性动词 非延
8、续性动词在时间上没有延续性,常见的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等,这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 但是,非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续,可与for/since等时间状语连用。,将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如: He has been asleep for
9、 an hour. (fall asleep,“入睡”为短暂动作,但be asleep“睡着”则为状态动词,可延续。) His father has been dead for three years.(die为短暂动词,“死”后的状态可用“be dead”这种系表结构来描述,可延续。),瞬间动词 have come have come back have gone have left have bought have borrowed have joind have died,延续性动词 have been here have been back have been away have been away have had/have kept have had/have kept have been a member of/.in have been dead,have (has)been 和 have (has) gone 的区别 have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”,表示曾到过某处,但现在人不在那儿;have gone to a place表示“去了”,已经去了某地,现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。,