1、Relative clause,Warm-up,Fill in the blanks with proper words. The man _ came into the room was small and slender. Opposite is St. Pauls Church, _ you can hear some lovely music. He is the only person _ might be able to help. Most of the mothers have a job, _ they take both for the money and for the
2、company. He _ is not for reform is againt it.,I. Defining vs. non-defining clauses,1. A defining clause is closely attached to the antecedent. It gives essential information about the meaning of its antecedent. Eg: This is the house which we bought last month. She is a woman who must be treated seri
3、ously.,2. A non-defining clause if not closely connected with its antecedent. It is generally separated from the main clause by a comma. Eg: The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. His wife, whose name is Ann, made me a great
4、dinner. wh- Formal context,3. non-defining relative clause can also be used to modify the previous clause. Eg： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, _ greatly upsets me. Liquid water changes to vapor, _ is called evaporation.,II. Relative pronoun vs. relative adv.,1. 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充
5、当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that person：Is he the man _ wants to see you?He is the man (_) I saw yesterday.,2) Whose Person & thing Eg： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. Formal: of which, of wh
6、om Eg: I travelled in a lorry the back of which the owner had loaded with corns. It is a town the inhabitants of which speak French.,3）which, that 先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等 Eg：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. The package (which / that) you are carrying
7、 is about to come unwrapped.,2. 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 when, where, why “P+ which” Eg：There are occasions when ( _ which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where ( _ which) I was born. Is this the reason why ( _ which) he refused our offer?,3. relative pronoun or relative adv.? Right or
8、 wrong? This is the mountain village where I visited last year.I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. v. in clause: vt. vi.,pronoun,adv.,Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? where B. that C. on which D. the one Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? where B. tha
9、t C. on which D. the one 2) Elements in the clause: S, O, C, A,III. Preposition + relative pronouns,1）P + relative pronouns = when, where, why Eg: This is the house _ I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day _ you joined our club? Formal Collocation : verb + preposition,2) Colloquial situation
10、Angela was the only person I could talk to.This is the place I used to go to last term.No pronoun 3) Phrasal verb Those are all the things Ive had to put up with. There are other problems, which I dont propose to go into at the moment. This is not the kind of life he was looking forward to.,4) In no
11、n-finiting clause At the school we were greeted by the teachers, most of _ were middle-aged. It is a language shared by several quite diverse cultures, each of _ uses it differently. They act mostly on suggestions from present members, four of _ are women.,Exercise:,1）Alice received an invitation fr
12、om her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 2）_ we all know, smoking is harmful to our health. A. what B. which C. that D. as3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park A. that B. which C. as D. it,IV. Non-finiting clause: as, which,由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和
13、which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.,V. That,Right or wrong? The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. We depend on the land that we get our food from. 1）No “that”
14、:a) non-defining clause b) after preposition,2) Only “that” there be The 9:15 is the fastest train (that) there has ever been. b) Indefinite pronouns: anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little All that live must die. All (that) I want is peace and quiet. c) modifier: the only, the very
15、 Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.,d) cardinal, ordinal number, superlative He was the cleverest man that ever taught in our school. She was the second that ran out of the building. e) both person and thing The stories and people that appear in his novel attract my interest.,VI. Ellipsis
16、 of relative words,1) Object 2) SVC He asked for the last book there is on the subject. 3) when, why, where (inf) His father died the year he was born. He is unlikely to find the place he lived forty years ago. The reason he came so early is his own affair. This is the place he stayed when he was in
17、 London.,VII. Double & Embedded relative clause,1. Double relative clause The dog worried the cat that caught the rat that ate the grain that lay in the house that Jack built. 杰克盖了房，房里堆了粮，耗子把粮食吃光，猫把耗子抓伤，狗又把猫逼上房。 Double relative clause: refers to a postmodifier composed of two relative clauses that share one and the same antecedent. Shes the only girl I know that can play the guitar.,2. Embedded relative clause Function both as the postmodifier of a NP in the main clause and as the object of another inserted clause. She has an adopted child who she says was an orphan.,Exercise:,33C, 33D,
