1、名词从句,名词从句含盖了主语从句、宾语从句、补语从句和同位语从句。连接这些从句与主句的关系词主要有三类:,1.从属连词:that(无有词义) , whether(是否) ,if (是否) 2.连接代词:who(谁,主格) , whom(谁,宾格),whose谁的,所有格) , what(什么),which(哪个,哪些) 3.连接副词:when(什么时候) where(什么地方)why(为什么) , how(怎样),名词从句中的从属连词在从句里不担任任何成分,只起连接的作用;而关系代词和关系副词不仅仅是起连接的作用,而且还在从句里担任一定的成分;关系代词常在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语等成分;关系
2、副词常在从句中担任状语。,另外,在使用上面的这些关系词时,有几个问题值得我们注意:首先,只能用whether而不能用if的情况.,1)引导主语从句,例如: Whether well make a loan for the project has not been decided (正确) OR: It has not been decided whether well make a loan for the project . ( 正确) If well make a loan for the project has not been decided .(错误) OR: It has not
3、been decided if well make a loan for the project . (错误),2)作介词的宾语,,I have no idea about whether I can raise the money for buying a car . (正确) 我不知道我是否能为买车筹措到资金。 I have no idea about if I can raise the money for buying a car . (错误),3)后接不定式,He didnt know whether to go all himself first or wait for her h
4、ere.(正确) He didnt know if to go all himself or wait for her here . (错误),4)后接or not,We wonder whether theyll come in time or not.(正确) 我们担心他们会不会准时到。 We wonder if theyll come in time or not . (错误),其次,what引导的名词从句表达的意思是“所的“。这个“所怎么的“定义根据“从句谓语的动作意义“而定。,I dont understand what you said. What he needs is to p
5、ractice more. Money is what she is really after. People have different ideas about what happiness means .,最后,要了解 -ever = no matter ,用于表示强调,意为“无论“。也就是说:,whatever = no matter what(无论什么) whoever = no matter who(无论谁) whichever = no matter which(无论那个) whenever =no matter when (无论何时) wherever = no matter
6、where(无论何地) however = no matter how (无论怎样),A 主语从句,Whether hell come or not remains a question . 他是否会来依然是一个问题。 Whoever says that is not allowed . 无论谁这样说都是不允许的。 That she reads English aloud every morning helps her a lot in the improvement of her English study .,要点提示 在使用主语从句中,有几个问题值得我们注意:,1)尽管主从连词that在
7、主语从句中没有任何意义,但一般不能省略。 That there is no elevator in the building is the critical inconvenience . 这幢楼里没有电梯是极大的不便之处。 It is necessary (that) he have his further study in college.(当主语从句在后面时,连词that可以省去)他在大学进一步深造是完全必要的。,2)为了保持句子平衡或在正式文体中,常用先行It代 替主语从句而将主语从句置于句末。,It remains a question whether hell come or no
8、t . 他是否会来,依然是一个问题。 It is not allowed whoever says that. 无论谁这样说都是不允许的。,3)在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中,由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因,that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式。这类形容词/名词常见的有:,essential(绝对必要的), important(重要的),natural(自然的), necessary必要的), regretful(遗憾的),strange(奇怪的), proper(适当的), urgent(紧急的) duty(义务、责任), a pity (遗憾), nowonder
9、(难怪), a regret(遗憾)。例如:,It is strange that he ( should ) say so . 他居然会这样说,真是奇怪。 It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然会这样想,真是一件憾事。 It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鸟在树上安歇是很自然的。 It is a wonder that he should have passed the exam. 他这次考试居然会及格,真是个奇迹。,4)以what引导的主语从句常用于句首
10、表示强调。 What they need now is financial aid . 他们现在所需要的是经济援助。 What she thinks of me doesnt mean much to me . 她怎么样看我,对我来说无所谓。 What you have said hurt her a lot .你所说的话对她伤害很大。,B 宾语从句I believe that he will find a job in that publisher. (作谓语动词的宾语)我相信,他一定会在那家出版社找到工作。 He laughed at what they said . (作介词的宾语)她对
11、他们说的话,一笑置之。,要点提示 在使用宾语从句中,有几个问题值得我们注意: 1)宾语从句与主句的时态一致性问题这种一致性的要求,只有当主句的谓语动词用于“过去时区“的时候才存在。凡是在“过去时区“内的各种不同时态都在其中。另外,这种一致性只要求宾语从句的谓语动词也用于“过去时区“即可,至于用什么样具体的时态就要依从句的需要而定了。,He had told me that he would join the club sometime . 他曾经告诉我说,他会在某个时候参加俱乐部的。 I remembered that I had met him somewhere . 我记得我曾在哪儿见过他
12、。 She thought that she would have finished what she was doing by the end of the month . 她认为在那个月底她将完成她手头上做的事。,2)if引导的宾语从句不能作介词的宾语,而只有用whether引导才行。这一点在上面刚刚讲过.(略) 3)某些动词后面,宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式。 这一点已在“虚拟语气“一章中讨论过了,本章只作简单的复习。,虚拟式的动词,常见的有:command(命令),demand(要求), desire(希望), insist(坚持), order(命令), propose(提议), re
13、commend(推荐), request(要求), require(要求), suggest(建议),等。例如: He proposed that we ( should ) set a dead line for the complement of theplan . 他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限。,Indirect Speech,Direct Speech,and,一字不改地引用或复述别人的 话,被引用或复述的部分就叫直接引语; 直接引语必须都放在引号中,其位置 常在句尾或句首。,用自己的话转述别人的话;被转述的部分 就叫间接引语;间接引语不必用括号,一 般用宾语从句或复合宾语表达法。,原
14、封不动引用别人的原话,原话在引号中。,“Take off your boots,” he said.,“I dont know where your bike is,”said the Arab.,“Im sorry,” the professor said tothe class, “but none of you watched carefully enough.”,Direct Speech:,用自己的话转述别人所说的内容。通常 以宾语从句的形式出现。当直接引语变 为间接引语时,有关的人称、语序、时 态、代词、时间状语、地点状语、和少 数动词都要作相应的改变。,Indirect Spee
15、ch:,时 态 的 变 化,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成时或不变,过去将来时,附:,代词时间 状语地点 状语少数 动词,that,those,there,then,go,take,could,might,had to,时 间 状 语,陈述句:,引语前用that引导,有时也可以不用。,He said, “I opened the window thismorning.”,He said that he opened the window that morning.,My sister said, “We have cleaned the floor.”,My sister sai
16、d that they had cleaned the floor.,The manager said to me, “You must go there next week.”,The manager told me thatI had to go there the next week.,The girl said, “I can do myhomework myself.”,The girl said that she could do herhomework herself.,如直接引语是客观真理, 变为间接引语时,时态不变。,The teacher said in class, “T
17、he moon moves around the earth.”,The teacher said in class that the moon moves around the earth.,陈述句直接引语变间接引语的结构:,A said that,A told B that,The girl said that she could do her homework herself.,The manager told me that I hadto go there the next week.,一般疑问句:,变为间接引语后,要用陈述语序(主语 先写)用if 或whether引导。时态等作 相
18、应变化。,He asked , “Can you hear me?”,He asked if/whether I could hearhim.,The teacher asked, “Have you readthis book, Bob?”,The teacher asked Bob if/whether he had read that book.,She said to me, “Will you go therewith me?”,She asked me if/whether I would go there with her.,She asked, “Did you see the
19、 film yesterday, Peter?”,She asked Peter if/whether he hadseen the film the day before.,“Are you leaving today or tomorrow?” Joan asked Kate.,Joan asked Kate if/whether she was leaving that day or the next day.,一般疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构:,A asked if/whether,A asked B if whether,He asked if/whether I could he
20、arhim.,The teacher asked Bob if/whetherhe had read that book.,特殊疑问句:,变为间接引语后,仍用原来的疑问词引 导,用陈述语序。时态等作相应变化。,When did they build this bridge?” she asked.,She asked when they built that bridge.,The teacher asked her, “Why did you come late?”,The teacher asked her why shecame late.,Robert asked Alice, “Wh
21、ere is mydictionary?”,Robert asked Alice where his dictionary was.,Mrs. Bill asked him, “Which book do you like best?”,Mrs. Bill asked him which book he liked best.,特殊疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构:,A asked +原句疑问词,A asked B +原句疑问词,She asked when they built thatbridge.,Mrs. Bill asked him which book heliked best.,祈
22、使句:,改为间接引语后,就成了以不定式短语 形式出现的宾语补足语(动词常是ask/ tell/order/advise/warn /remind等)。,He said to the girl, “Do it at once.”,He told the girl to do it at once.,Mrs. Hill said, “ please sing at ourparty, Mary.”,Mrs. Hill asked Mary to sing at their party.,She said to me, “Dont smoke in the classroom.”,She told
23、me not to smoke in the classroom.,He said, “Lets go fishing tomorrow.”,He suggested going fishing the next day.,祈使句直接引语变间接引语的结构(sb to do sth):,A told B (not) to do,A asked B (not) to do,He told the girl to do it at once.,Mrs. Hill asked Mary to sing at their party.,二)祈使句改间接引语后是 sb (not)to do sth 结构
24、注意以下几点 1.said/said to要变成 asked/told/order等可跟不定式作宾补的动词。 2.呼语变宾语,please要去掉.,感叹句 直接引语 (变化前) He said , “How happy I am!” 间接引语(变化后) He said that he was very happy. He said how happy he was. “What a clever boy you are!“ she exclaimed. She told him what a clever boy he was. She told him that he was a cleve
25、r boy.,由直接引语转变为间接引语,有时会引时态的变化,注意以下几个方面,1.主句动词为一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时,在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变:,直接引语 She often says , “All men and women are equal under the law.” 间接引语 She often says that all men and women are equal under the law.,由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列情况时态不变 1. 不变的真理: The teacher said to the students, “Water freeze
26、s when the temperature falls below 0.” The teacher told the students that water freezes when the temperature falls below 0. 2. 经常的习惯( 强调动作或状态现在仍然如此时,)He said to the doctor, “I smoke two packs every day.” He told the doctor that he smokes two packs every day.,3. 历史事件 (直接引语中有绝对具体的过去时间做状语时)The teacher
27、said, “World War ended in 1945.” The teacher said that World War ended in 1945. 4. 部分情态动词,如must, ought to, used to, had better等:She said to me: “You must hurry up.” She said that I must hurry up.,He often says “ I shall tell youabout them.” He often tells me that _ will tell _ about _.Iyouthem B. he
28、methem C. heyouus D. Imeyou,B,例题,2. You must say to her, “ I dependon you and him .”You must tell her that _ depend on _ and _.A. Iyouhim B. sheyoumeC. youherhim D. youmehim,C,例题,3. I shall tell him, “ I have writtento you and her twice.” I shall tell him that _ havewritten to _and _twice. Ihimher B
29、. youhimher C. I youme D. youmeher,A,例题,4. Jack said to me,” You look worried today.” Jack told me that _ worried_. he lookstoday B. you looktoday C. we lookedthat day D. I lookedthat day,D,例题,5.They said to us, “ Are you afraid to leave this house ?” They asked us _ afraid to leave_ house. that wer
30、e wethis B. that we werethat C. if were we this D. if we werethat,D,例题,6.“Do you know English ?” he asked. He asked if _English.I knew B. you know C. he knew D. I know,A,例题,7. Jane said, “ What did he hear about a week ago ?” Jane asked _ about _. that he hearda week ago B. if he heardthe week ago C
31、. what he had heard a week ago D. what he had heardthe week before,D,例题,8. She asked,” Whose house will hebreak into next time ?” She asked whose house _ breakinto _. will henext time B. would hethe next time C. he willnext time D. he wouldthe next time,D,例题,9. Jack said to her ,”Where do you spend
32、your holidays ?” Jack asked her where _holidays.she spend her B. you spend your C. she spent her D. you spent your,c,例题,10.The teacher asked her, “Does the sun rise in the east ?” The teacher asked her _ the sun _ in the east. ifrise B. ifrises C. whetherrose D. whether did rise,例题,B,C 补语从句 在句子中担当补足
33、成分的主谓结构称之为补语从句。它常位于句中联系动词或是起联系动词作用的动词之后.例如: The problem is where we can hold our meeting . 问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。 It seems that everything goes smoothly .似乎一切都进行得很顺利。 The cause is that the temperature of water is lower that needed . 其原因是水的温度低于所需要的温度。 That is what he really wants .那就是他真想要的东西。,D 同位语从句 同位语从句就
34、是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构.在使用同位语从句时要特别注意:尽管主从连词that在同位语从句中没有任何意义,但却不能省略。另外,同位语从句常用于下面这些名词的后面:,fact(事实), fear(担心、害怕), belief(信念,意见), evidence(证据), hope(希望), idea(想法)news(新闻), doubt(怀疑), suggestion(建议), proposal(提议), order(命令), recommendation(推荐),等等。例如: There is the news that an American delegation will arrive
35、in Beijing tomorrow afternoon . 有消息说一个美国代表团将于明天下午抵达北京。,Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals ? 是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢? We all know the fact that organization helps memorization. 我们都知道这样一个事实:把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。 What do you think of his proposal that we ( should
36、 ) put on a play at the English evening ? 他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧,你觉得怎么样?,四、专项考点练习 1. _that they found an unusual plant in the forest.A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says 2. _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 3. It worried Mary a lot _ she woul
37、d pass the college entrance examination. A. whether B. if C. that D. how,4. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isnt like _ it used to be . A .what B. how C. that D. which 5. _ is no possibility _ Bob will win the first prize in the match. A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether
38、,6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _ he had done the day before. A .that B. how C .what D. where 7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _ up to be during the past few years. A. had his daughter grown B. would his daughter grow C. his daughter would grow D. his daughter had
39、 grown 8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _. A. how she is getting along B. how is she getting along C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along,9. _surprised me most was _such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.A. That; what B. What; that C. That; th
40、at D. What; what 10. These wild flowers are so special . I would do _ I can to save them. A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever,11. _ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person 12. Eat _ you like and leave the others for _ comes in late. A. any;
41、 who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever 13. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; whyC. What; because D. Why; that,14. It was _ he said _ disappointed me. A. What; that B. That; thatC. What; what D. That;
42、 what 15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _to the front.A. should send B. must be sent C. be sent D. must go,16. The true value of life is not in _, but _.A. which we get; what give weB. what we get; what we give C. which do we get; what do we giveD. how we get; that we give 17. We are all for
43、your proposal that the discussion _.A. be put off B. was put offC. should put off D. is to be put off 18. Go and get your coatIts _ you left it A. where B. there C. here where D. where there,19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests.A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter wh
44、o 20. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited,Relative Clause,关系分句,1.定义:,2.先行词:,3.关系代词、关系副词:,在复合句中用来用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫关系分句。,被关系分句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词(antecedent)。,引导关系分句的词,关系代词:,关系副词:
45、,Who, whom, whose, which, that等,When, where, why等,关系代词和关系副词的作用:,1、引导作用 2、替代作用 3、在关系分句中担当某个成分的作用,Eg: 1.Those who want to go please sign your names here.2.This is the house where he was born.3. Bill, who was here yesterday, asked me a lotof questions.,关系代词的用法,人;物,物,人,人,人、物,主语;宾语,主语;宾语,主语;宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可
46、省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,可省,不可省,关系副词的用法,时间,状语,否,地点,状语,否,原因,状语,否,判断下列引导词在句中的用法,Eg:1.He is such a man who never tells a lie.2. He is the model worker whom/who weshould learn from.3. A dictionary is a book which often helps usto know the meanings of the words.4. This is the film which I like best.5. The boy whose
47、 father is a professor is one ofmy best friends.,指代、所作成分、是否可省略,6. The house whose roof was blown away by the stormwill be rebuilt soon. 7. It was 11 oclock when the accident happened last night. 8. This is the village where I was brought up.,关系代词which和that的区别:,A.关系代词必须用that的情形:,This is the best film
48、 that I have ever seen. The first man arrived at the class was our headteacher. This is the only ticket that I got yesterday. This is the very book that Im looking for. Is there anything that I can do for you? All that you have to do is to press the button. There is no time that we can waste. The car and its driver that knocked down the old lady have been taken to the police station.,Summarize: 只能用that引导关系分句的几种情况,1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。,2)先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时。,