1、必修1 Units 35,话题之二 环境保护 三年4考2011浙江假设你是高中生李越，有感于校园中存在的随意涂写（to scribble）和乱丢垃圾（to litter）的行为，请用英语给校长写一封100120个词的信。信中应包括以下内容： 1. 说明写信目的；2. 对这些行为进行批评；3. 提出建议。,June 8, 2011 Dear Mr. Headmaster, I am Li Yue, a student from Class 1, Senior 2. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper behaviour amo
2、ng us students: littering and scribbling. It makes our school dirty and unpleasant, and does harm to the image of our school. I always feel ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. I wonder if the school could place more dustbins around a
3、nd set up,specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, students should be encouraged to develop good habits and better behave themselves. I believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future. Thank you for
4、your consideration. Yours faithfully, Li Yue,1. 文章要点齐全, 切合试题要求。 本文首先说明写信动机让校长对校园里同学们随意涂写和乱丢垃圾的行为引起足够的重视; 接下来是对这些行为的批评态度；最后提出改进的建议。,2. 全文行文流畅，使用词汇地道、高级。 高级词汇和短语：draw your attention to, improper, image, feel ashamed, appropriate, set up, joint, enjoyable 高级句型：. . . whenever. . . ，It is+adj. +for sb. t
5、o do 语篇过渡语：at the same time 多样性表达：表达建议 a)I wonder if. . . b). . . should be encouraged to do. . .,【佳作习得】翻译句子 句型：疑问词+ever. . . (让步状语从句) 无论你多富有，都要遵守法规。 You must obey the rules and regulations however rich you are.,基础指导（二）并列句与复合句. 并列句定义：由and, or, but, while, yet, so, for等并列连词连起来的两个或两个以上互不依从的分句的句子叫并列句。,
6、并列连词分类：1. 单纯连词：and, both. . . and. . . , not only. . . but also. . . , as well as等。2. 转折连词：but, yet, still, while等。3. 选择连词：or, not. . . but. . . , either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . 等。,4. 推理连词：so, therefore, for等。He was ill, but he went to school. 他病了，但他还是去上学了。He lost his job, so he was unh
7、appy these days. 他失业了，所以他这些天不高兴。,提醒：“祈使句+and/or(otherwise)+简单句”也是并列句的一种，or在此意为“否则”。Try it again, and you will succeed. 再试一次，你会成功的。,. 复合句定义：复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句和从句都具有完整的主谓结构，主句是全句的主体，从句从属于主句，不能独立存在。从句分类：根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。,1. 主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。When we sho
8、uld start is still a question. 我们应该什么时候开始仍然是个问题。2. 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings. 他们认为电脑最终会取代人类。,3. 表语从句：在句子中作系动词的表语的句子, 它位于主句中的系动词之后。That is why he did not come to school yesterday. 那就是他为什么昨天没来学校的原因。4. 同位语从句：在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。I
9、 heard the news that our team had won. 我听到了我们队赢了的消息。,5. 定语从句：在复合句中作定语用来修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。This is the missing boy (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. 这是我们这些日子一直在寻找的失踪的男孩。,6. 状语从句：在复合句中作状语, 其位置可以在主句前或主句后。 1）时间状语从句通常由when, as, while, after, before, as soon as, since, till (until), w
10、henever 等引导。When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. 当你完成作业的时候，你可以和Sam出去玩。2)地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。 I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. 不管他在哪里我都不会忘记要去抓那个偷我项链的贼。,3)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导。 4)目的状语从句通常由so that. . . , in order t
11、hat. . . 等引导。5)结果状语从句通常由 so that. . . , so. . . that. . . 等引导, 往往放在句尾。6)比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so). . . as等引导。7)让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if(even though), however, whatever等引导。8)条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导。,. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句 1. Her parents died and left her a lot of money. 2. Y
12、ou were not in the office. 3. I took care of my brother while Mother was away. 4. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 答案：1. 简单句 2. 简单句 3. 复合句 4. 复合句,5. Walk fast, or well be late. 6. I havent heard from you for a long time. 7. He was very tired; therefore, he fell into a sound sleep. 8. It
13、is said that Jim got married a week ago. 9. He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 答案：5. 并列句 6. 简单句 7. 并列句 8. 复合句 9. 复合句,. 按要求转换句型 1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us? （变为复合句） Could you tell us _ Mr. Brown _ living in China? 2. “Does the girl need any help
14、? ” he asked me. （变为复合句） He asked me _ the girl _ some help.,if/whether,enjoys,if/whether,needed,3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either. （合并为一个句子） _ Jim _ Tom is a student. 4. When does the train leave? I want to know. （改为含宾语从句的复合句） I want to know _ the train _ .,Neither,nor,when,leav
15、es,5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用not. . . until改写) They _ go home _ they had finished their homework. 6. You must be careful with your pronunciation. (改为祈使句) Be careful with your pronunciation.,didnt,until,. 用适当的并列连词填空 1. Work hard, _ you will fail. 2. Keep quiet, _ you
16、 will not be found. 3. He worked hard, _ he faild in the exam. 4. He was watching TV _ his mother was cooking. 5. When you quarrel with others, _ fail in the exam, you may have a bad mood. 6. _ does Li Meng sing well, _ she dances well.,or,and,but,while,or,Not only,but also,定语从句定语从句是语法学习中的重点和难点，也是高考
17、必考内容。对定语从句的考查主要集中在关系代词和关系副词的选择，介词+关系代词的判断。复习定语从句时应注意以下几点：1. 了解关系代词、关系副词及介词+关系代词；2. 学会分析定语从句中的句子结构。3. 掌握特殊定语从句的用法。,1. 2011全国卷，31The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. Athat Bwhich Cwhose Dwhat 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：奖品将发给作品最能展示其想像力的作者。whose引导定语从句，且在从句中作定语，修饰story; whose story相当
18、于the story of whom。,2. 2011山东，32The old town has narrow streets and small houses _ are built close to each other. A. they B. where C. what D. that 【解析】选D。考查定语从句。句意：这座古镇有狭窄的街道和紧密地比邻而建的小房子。that在句中用于引导定语从句，修饰small houses, 在定语从句中that作主语，此处的that也可换成which。where在定语从句中充当状语，而what用来引导名词性从句。而they不能用作定语从句的连接词。,
19、3. 2011江西，34She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _ had taken more than three years. Afor which Bwith which Cof which Dto which 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：她带领参观者参观了那个建造工程花费了超过三年时间的博物馆。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与先行词构成修饰关系，即the construction of the museum“博物馆的建造”。故选C项。,4. 2011浙江，10A bank is the place _
20、 they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. A. when B. that C. where D. there 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：银行是一个好天气借给你雨伞而雨天又要回雨伞的地方。空格处在语句中作地点状语，所以选择关系副词where；A项表示时间，B项为关系代词，D项不能作关系词。,5. 2011天津，10The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living
21、. A. when B. that C. where D. which 【解析】选A。考查定语从句。句意：体力是你赖以生存的惟一手段的日子一去不复返了。句中days是定语从句的先行词，关系词代替days并在从句中充当时间状语，故用when引导定语从句。,6. 2011全国卷，7Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, _ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. A. this B. that C. what D. which 【解析】选D。考查定语从句。句意：Ted
22、只穿着短裤和T恤来度周末，在这样的天气里这样做是一件很愚蠢的事情。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语。此处关系代词which代指前面的整个句子。this不是关系代词，that不能用于非限制性定语从句，what不属于关系代词。故答案为D。,7. 2011安徽，28Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _ it will keep for two or three weeks. A. when B. which C. where D. while 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：剩下的任何东西都
23、可以放入冰箱，在那里可以保存两三周。由句型结构可以看出，该题中的先行词是refrigerator表示地点，故选择关系副词where。when在从句中作时间状语；which在从句中作主语或宾语；while是连词，不能引导定语从句。,8. 2011福建，24She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other. A. which B. where C. what D. who 【解析】选A。考查定语从句。句意：她有一种天赋可以为学生
24、们创造一种允许他们自由地彼此交流的氛围。所填之处应为定语从句的关系词，因先行词是an atmosphere且在从句中作主语，故选A。,9. 2011北京，26Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _ , of course, made all the others upset. A. who B. which C. what D. that 【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意：玛丽对待杰克比对其他人好得多，这当然令其他人不快。分析句子结构可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句，关系代词代指逗号前的整个句子，故用which，正确
25、答案为B项。,10. 2011江苏，24Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _ the audience can buy ice-cream. A. when B. where C. that D. which 【解析】选A。考查定语从句。句意：音乐会的两部分之间会有中场休息时间，这时观众可以购买冰激凌。an interval是先行词，并在定语从句中作时间状语，故选择关系副词when。,11. 2011陕西，11I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, _ we
26、enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A. which B. where C. who D. that 【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意：我和我的朋友一直走到了山顶，在那里我们欣赏到了美妙的湖光景色。把定语从句补全为：We enjoyed a splendid view of the lake at the top of the hill. 由此可知，定语从句中缺少的成分为地点状语，故选where。,12. 2011浙江，8English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _
27、uses it somewhat differently. A. which B. what C. them D. there 【解析】选A。考查定语从句。句意：英语是一种由几种不同的文化共同分享的语言，每一种文化使用英语时都多少有些不同。表示“整体中的一部分”，我们可以使用“不定代词/数词+of +which(物）/whom（人）”，由于此题中先行词为cultures, 所以使用which。,13. 2011四川，17The school shop, _ customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. A. which B
28、. whose C. when D. where 【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意：这个学校商店顾客多是学生，所以假期关门停业了。whose引导的非限制性定语从句，补充说明商店的情况，在从句中whose作定语修饰名词customers。故选B。,14. 2011湖南，25Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _ she spoke fluently. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：朱莉擅长德语，法语以及俄语，这些语言她都说得很流利。先行词是German, Fr
29、ench and Russian，所以定语从句的关系代词用which。注：关系代词that一般不可直接置于介词后作宾语，且不能引导非限制性定语从句。,15. 2010全国卷，16I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what 【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意：我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我的指责。定语从句的先行词是something。可排除A。关系词在从句中作主语，故用that; as往往引导非限制性定语从句，代表前面或后面的整个句子; what不
30、能引导定语从句。,16. 2010湖南，28Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which 【解析】选A。考查定语从句。句意：我已经和去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校几个学生成了好朋友。先行词是several of the students（指人），且定语从句中缺少的是宾语，故选A。,17. 2009全国卷, 28She brought with he
31、r three friends, none of _ I had ever met before. A. them B. who C. whom D. these 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：她带来了三个朋友，这三个朋友我以前一个也没见过。先行词为friends, 所以介词后的关系代词应该用whom。them和these均不能引导定语从句，排除选项A和D。介词后的关系代词也不能用who, 排除B项。,18. 2010天津，8Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? You should try the barbers _
32、 I go. Its only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：你能相信我剪一次头发得花30美元吗？你应该试试我常去的那家理发店。只需15美元就够了。先行词为the barbers, 而且定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。,表1 关系代词和关系副词的判定,who,whom,人,人,主语、宾语、表语,宾语,The boy who is standing there is my cousin.,The boy (whom) you met yesterday is Tom.,whose(=of whom/of wh
33、ich),人或物,定语,Do you know the boy whose mother (=the mother of whom)is a teacher? He lives in a house whose windows (the windows of which) face south.,which,物,主语、宾语,Children like to read books which have wonderful pictures. The pen (which) I bought last year was missing.,that,人或物,主语、宾语、表语,A plane is a
34、 machine that can fly. I dont know the man (that) you talked about. China is no longer the country that it used to be.,as,人或物（在非限制性定语从句中也可指代整个句子）,主语、宾语、表语,As is known to all, Edison invented the electric lamp. such a book asthe same book asHe is not the same man as he was. He can lift so heavy a sto
35、ne as no one else can.,I want to read,you read.,when,where,时间,地点,时间状语,地点状语,Ill never forget the day when I joined the Party.,The factory where I worked is gone now.,why,原因,原因状语,We didnt know the reason why he was late for school.,1. 当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时，可省略。 2. 表示时间、地点、原因的先行词作定语从句谓语动词的主语、宾语时，应用that或wh
36、ich, 作宾语时that/which也可省略。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词时，后面定语从句的关系词的使用有两种情况：第一，当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时用which或that来引导该定语从句。第二，当定语从句中不缺少主语或宾语时通常用where引导。,I dont believe the The case that/which she explained was common. Well see a case where the music could cure people.,(which/that)he
37、 waslate for school. (which/that)he gaveme.,reason,3. 当先行词way意为“方式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有两种情况：第一, 当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时用关系代词which或that。第二, 当定语从句中不缺少主语或宾语时，可用in which或that或不用任何关系词三种形式。,The way (that/which)he recommended to us was quite simple. （关系代词that/which在从句中作宾语） The way (that/in which)he explained the senten
38、ce to us was not difficult to understand. （关系词在从句中作状语，相当于in this/that way),4. 先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可以省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则应用关系副词when或介词at/during+ which引导定语从句。,This is the second time that the President has visited the country. This was at a time when/
39、during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.,5. “whose+名词”结构常可以用“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which/whom+the+名词”结构来替换，且意思相同。 6. 如何选择关系代词与关系副词 用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺少主语或宾语，就必须用关系代词；若从句中主谓宾齐全即不缺主语也不缺宾语就要求用关系副词。,The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. =The house
40、the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. =The house, of which the roof was damaged, has now been repaired.,表2 易混关系代词的用法辨析,只用that不用which的情况,先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时,All that glitters is not gold. He told me everything that he knew.,先行词被on
41、ly, any, few, no, very, little等修饰时,It is the very novel that I have ever read. Australia is the only country that is also a continent.,只用that不用which的情况,先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时,This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.,先行词为人、物并用时,Do you know the things and persons that they are talk
42、ing about?,只用that不用which的情况,当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时,Which is the bike that you lost?,当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时,Shandong is no longer the province that it used to be.,只用which不用that的情况,关系代词前有介词时,Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?,引导非限制性定语从句时,Tom came back, which made us happy.,只用which不用tha
43、t的情况,先行词为that/those时,Whats that which was put in the car?,which可用作定语,He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.,the same. . . as与the same. . . that,the same. . . as. . . 表示相似的东西 the same. . . that. . . 表示同一人或物,This is the same book as he lent me last week. 这是他上星期借给我的那类书。 This is the sam
44、e book that he lent me last week. 这是他上星期借给我的那本书。,such/so. . . as与such/so. . . that,such/so. . . as(定语从句）像那样 such/so. . . that(状语从句）如此以至于,This is such an easy question as I can answer. This is such an easy question that I can answer it.,as与which,as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。which引导的非限制性定语
45、从句通常放在主句之后。as意为“正如”，后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等；which意为“这一点”。,Avatar is a very successful film, as is known to all. As we all know, Taiwan belongs to China. The sports meeting was put off, which astonished us.,表3 介词+关系代词,名（代）词+介词+关系代词(which/whom),The river, the banks of which a
46、re covered with trees, flows to the sea.,数词或形容词最高级+of+关系代词(which/whom),He has ten cousins, three of whom are clever. He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very handsome.,介词（短语）+关系代词(which/whom),We are looking for the person to whom the book belongs. He lived in a big house, in front of which s
47、tood a tall tree.,介词+which/whose+名词,He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen. She suffered from illness, in which case her husband had to stay at home.,1. from where为“介词+关系副词”结构，但也可以引导定语从句。 2. 介词+which有时可与相应的关系副词互换。 3. “介词+关系代词”结构中介词的确定遵循以下原则： （1）根据从句中的谓语动词与先行词的习惯搭配。 （2）根据介词与先行词的习惯搭配。
48、,He stood near the window, from where he could see the whole garden. This is the school in which (where) he studied two years ago. The reason for which (why) he was late was that he got up late. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. This is the girl from whom I learned the news.,表4 特殊定语从句,分割式定语从句（先行词与关系代（副）词分隔）,I was the only person in my office that was invited to the important ball.,插入式定语从句（关系代词与从句中插入一个句子）,He made another great discovery, which I think is very important to science.,
