1、名词,主语,同位语,表语,其他成分,宾语,句子在句中可做的成分,句子,表语,同位语,名词性从句,主语,宾语,Noun Clauses,a womanly man,That you dont like him makes him heartbroken.,The fact that you dont like him makes him heartbroken.,That is why you dont like him.,We now know that you dont like him.,Point out the function of each noun in the followin
2、g sentences:1.The world loves nature. 2.Knowledge is power . 3.We Chinese are peace- loving.,subject,object,predicative,subject,subject,apposition,predicative,名词性从句,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,His job is important.,What he does is important.,表语,This is his job.,This is what he does every day.,宾语,I dont like h
3、is job.,I dont like what he does every day.,同位语,I dont know about the man, Mr. White.,I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.,什么叫名词性从句？,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,名词性从句noun clause,主语从句 subject clause,宾
4、语从句 object clause,表语从句 predicative clause,同位语从句 appositive clause,The Object Clause,一、宾语从句的概念 宾语从句属于名词性从句，在句中作主句的宾语。 eg. We know that Mr Guo teaches us English. She asked if these answers were right.,二、宾语从句三要素,引导词（连接词）,语 序,时 态 导词放当中，陈述语序从， 时态要呼应,that引导陈述句的宾语从句,Who,whom,whose,which，what where,how,why
5、,when 引导特殊疑问句的宾语从句,whether, if 引导一般疑问句的宾语从句,（一）引导词: 不同的引导词引导不同的宾语从句,I hear (that) _. He said (that) _. The teacher told us (that) _ _. Im afraid _.,he will be back in an hour,he liked basketball very much,the earth moves,1)由that引导的宾语从句,注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略,around the sun,that I have
6、made a mistake,(他一小时后回来),(他非常喜欢篮球),(地球绕着太阳转),我犯了一个错误,宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略： （1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省； （2）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。 （3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. I think it necessary that
7、 you should read English aloud.,在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句,Im sorry (that) I dont know . Were sure (that) our team will win . Im afraid (that) he wont pass the exam .,2) whether, if 引导的宾语从句,I want to know _. 2. Ask him _. 3. I wonder _.,if (whether) he has
8、 come up with new ideas,if he is satisfied with the result of the match.,whether it is going to rain or not,if/ whether “是否”，说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在ask, wonder, doubt ,can(could) you tell me 等后。,他是否想出了新主意,他是否对比赛结果感到满意,天是否将要下雨,只能用whether不能用if的情况,介词之后，不定前， or not连用也安全 1.在介词后面： Im thinking of whether we sh
9、ould go fishing. We are worried about whether it will rain tomorrow. 2.在动词不定式前： They asked me whether to go skating.,3.当与or not连用，或提出两种选择时: I dont know whether hes free or not. Mary asked whether I was doing my homework or not. Tell me whether youd like to go shopping or tidy the room. 4.宾语从句提前时： Wh
10、ether this is true or not, I cant say.,1. He asked _. 2. Do you know_? 3. He asked_. 4. Do you know _? 5. Please tell me _. 6. Could you tell me _ _?,who was on duty today,whom they are waiting for,whose English was the best in the class,when well have a class meeting,where the nearest hospital is.,
11、why you recommend Sandy,3)由连接代词 Who,whom,whose,which,what 和连接副词 where,how,why,when引导的宾从,代词或副词连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义，不可省略。,as the chairperson of the Students Union,（二）语序：陈述句语序,即：主句+引导词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）Can you tell me _(你多大啦)?,当what, which,who在从句中作主语或是以下句子时，语序不变： Whats wrong? Whats the matter? Whats
12、happening? What happened? e.g: Can you tell me who is over there?I dont know whats the matter., Are you? Will you? Have you? Do you?Can you?是疑问句语序,how old you are,主句一般现在时，从句可用任何时态。 主句一般过去时，从句用与过去相关的时态。,（三）时态：,从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时，仍用现在时。 Dad told us that knowledge is power. He told the boy that t
13、hree and four is seven. He told me the sun rises in the east.,当主句为一般过去时,从句中有具体的过去时间状语时,一般不用过去完成时,而是用一般过去时. He said (that)he bought the house in 1989.,与过去相关的时态,（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时） e.g. He said that he had been to shanghai. I thought that he was watching TV . She insisted that she was right. Mar
14、y told me that she would go to Beijing the next day,否定的转移:若主语谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。I dont think this dress fits you well. (我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。),it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语:it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式
15、宾语而真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 We heard it that she would get married next month.,引导词,陈述句that,一般疑问句if/ whether,特殊疑问句特殊疑问词,语序- 陈述句语序,时态,主句过去时从句过去类时态,主句现在时从句任何时态,回顾与总结,Do you know if _back next week ? If he _ back , please let me know . A. he comes , will come B. will he come , comes C. he will c
16、ome , comes D. he will come , will come,连词 if 和 when 在不同从句中的区别：,C,I dont know when he _ (come) . I cant wait here any more . When he _ (come) , would you please ask him to call me ?,will come,comes,1. The young man asked _ its summer or winter. A. either B. that C. weather D. whether2. We dont know
17、_ they did it . A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us _ Jim can come back on time .A. that B. if C. when D. what time4. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not .A. if B. where C. whether D. that,D,A,B,C,5. Could you show me _ ?A. how can I get to the sta
18、tion B. where is the station C. how I could get to the stationD. how I can reach the station 6. Please tell me _. A. what does he like B. what he does like C. what he likes D. what he like 7. My sister told him _ .A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiting D. where did you l
19、ive,C,B,D,Exercise I ：单项选择,We havent decided _ we will go there for a picnic tomorrow. A. where B. why C. when D. whether,2. Do you know _? A. what time will the plane take offB. what time would the plane take offC. what time the plane will take offD. the plane will take off at what time,3. The mana
20、ger came up to see _.A. what was the matter B. what the matter wasC. what the matter is D. whats the matter,4. Can you tell me when _ back?A. will he be B. does he come C. he will be D. did he come,5. Wu Dong said he _ twice.A. has been to Shanghai B. has gone to Shanghai C. had been to Shanghai D.
21、had gone to Shanghai,D,C,A,C,C,6.D0 you understand_?A.what she said B.what to sayC.what did she said D.how she had said7.The teacher said that_.A.the sun moves around the earthB.the earth moved around the sunC.the moon is our satelliteD.the moon was our satellite 8.I dont know when he _back,Please t
22、ell him the news when he _back. ( )A.come; will come B.comes;comesc.will come; comes D.will come; will come,A,C,C,9.I dont know if his uncle _.I think he _if he is free. A.will come; comes B.will come, will come C.comes comes D.comes ;will come10.No one knows_.A.which gate we have to goB.which gate
23、we must goC.which gate do we have to go to D.which gate we have to go to,B,D,Grammar,Subject Clauses 主语从句,主语从句： 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,引导主语从句的三类连接词： 1.连词：that, whether 2.连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等 3.连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等,It + be +
24、形容词 that从句,It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that . 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显,It + be + -ed分词 that从句,It is believed/said/ reported that 人们相信 /据说/据报道/ It is known to us/all that . 众所周知 It has been decided that 已经决定,用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配：,Important/ necessary/ strange/ natural that 主+ (sho
25、uld) do,It + be + 名词 that从句,It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that . 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 It is a pity/ shame that 真遗憾 / 惭愧,It + 不及物动词 that从句,It appears that 似乎 It seems that 似乎 It happens that . 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起,what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that则不然,它在句子中只起
26、连接作用。例如： (1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.,What 与 that 引导主语从句,由 that 引导: 1. That we shall be late is certain. 2. _ is known to all.(地球是圆的) 3. _ is a pity.(你错过了这次机会)that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子.that 不可省,That the earth is round,That you missed the chance,注 意：,What y
27、ou left are only several old books. What you said is of great importance. Whether hell come here is not clear.,1.“if” 不能引导主语从句，应有“whether”引导。,3.主语从句的 “that” 一般不能省。,4.“what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词：1）常与其后的表语(名词)一致 2）根据句子的语境而定。,主语从句需注意的问题,2.主语从句中用陈述语序,_ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A. That
28、B. Why C. What D. How,2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather .A If B Whether C That D Where,Choose the best choice,3. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. whether B. that C. what D. when 4.What I say and think _ none of your business.A. is B. are C. has D have,_ he made an
29、important speech at the meeting was true.A. That B. Why C. What D. How,2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather .A If B Whether C That D Where,3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World. Which; belong to b. As, belonged to c. What; belonging to d. It; be
30、longing to,Predicative Clauses 表语从句,表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。另外,常用的还有the reason why is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：,. 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后. 作用:对主语进行解释说明。,连接词：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不 引导 表语从句) 连接代词：who / whom / whose / whi
31、ch / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how / because,The question is whether we can rely on him.Thats because we were in need of money at that time .He looked as if he was going to cry . Thats why I was late .,注 意：,在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“If”。 一般情况下，“that”不能省。It is /was because .It is /was why.
32、 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that. 4 The reason is because /why,that .,1. Thats _ the Party called on us to do.A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine.A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3 .That is _ they separated.A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.
33、Jane is no longer _ she was four years ago.A. what B. which C. that D. when,1. Can you make sure _ the gold rings? A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where she has put D. where has she put,2.The reason that has been such a success _ he never gives up.A. is B. is because C. is that D. is wh
34、at,3. _ breaks the law should be punished. A Whoever b. No matter who c. anyone. d. who,4. That is _ I had to take the risk of being washed away.A. why B. reason why C. how D. what 5. Do _ you think is right _ difficulties you may have.A. what ;however B. that ;whatever C. whatever ; whoever D. what
35、; whatever 6.The workers considered it important _ the boss would agree to give them a rise.A. whether B. how C. where D. which,Appositive Clauses 同位语从句,同位语从句在句中充当同位语从句成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ； problem ；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明. n.+ 连接词 + 从句,同位语从句常用 that 引导或用连接副词when / where/why / h
36、ow / whether,1) The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people .,2).Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.,注: 1. 同 位语从句多用that 引导,2. 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.,I have no idea where he has gone. I have no
37、idea when he did it. I have no idea what he did.,I have no idea,when he will be back.,how he can get the treasure.,where the concert will be hold.,who can finish the work.,why it happened.,which pen is mine.,what we should do next.,whom they are talking about.,whether itll rain tomorrow.,that our fo
38、otball team won the game.,名词demand, suggestion, proposal, advice 等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气, 结构为 should + do, should 可省略,He gave me a suggestion that I ( should ) be calm now.,I have heard the news that he visited our factory . I have heard the news that he told you the other day .,同位语从句和定语从句的区别： 1 同位语从句tha
39、t 只起连接作用，不作任何成分定语从句 that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语 2同位语从句同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系，对名词进行补充说明定语从句 定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对名词进行修饰，加以限定 3同位语从句that 不能省定语从句 that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省,Practice :判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句,1.They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. 2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come
40、to visit China again. 3.The fact that she works hard is well knownto us all. 4. I cant stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly.,同位语从句,定语从句,同位语从句,同位语从句,whether与if的辨用,表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。 a. 主语从句 b. 表语从句 c. 同位语从句 e. 介词后的宾语从句 f.后接动词不定式 (whether to do sth.) g .whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if
41、,1.We expressed the hope that they had expressed2. We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.,1.The information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into university.2.The information that he revealed at the meeting is of great value.,Attributive or Ap
42、positive,AT,AP,AP,AT,1. _made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities .A What / because B What / that C That / what D That / because 2._she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons .A What / why B That / what C
43、What / because D Why / that,B,A,B,3. He is absent from school . It is _ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason,4 _has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising .A Who B The one C Anyone D Whoever 5. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will b
44、e admitted into universities .A that B how C where D what,D,A,6 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week .- Is that _you had a few days off ?A why B when C what D where 7 Are you still thinking about yesterdays game ? - Oh ,thats _.A what makes me feel excited B whatever I feel excited about C h
45、ow I feel about it D when I feel excited,A,A,._ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect .A What B That C This D Which 10. When you answer questions in a job interview ,please remember the golden rule :Always give the monkey exactly _ he wants .A w
46、hat B which C when D that 11. We made the suggestion that he _ his work .A continues B continue C continued D had continued,B,A,B,12.There will be a special price for _ buys things in large number here. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. Whomever 13. Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game . why B. what C. who D. that (05) 14.The poor young man is ready to accept _ help he can get. (05)A. whichever B. however C. whatever D.whenever,
