1、College English,Book 1,Grammar,主谓一致,Unit 2,综述,主谓一致,语法一致原则,就近原则,注意事项,意义一致原则,Exercises,综述,主谓一致即句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致。 一般说来，主语的单、复数形式决定着谓语动词应采取的相应形式。在实际应用中，有时情况较为复杂，但在现代英语中基本遵循如下原则：语法一致原则、 意义一致原则和就近原则。,语法一致原则,语法一致原则就是根据主语的语法形式决定其谓语动词的语法形式。主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数形式。例如： A letter has been sent to eve
2、ry student. Two letters have been sent to every student. To treat them in that way is unfair. Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health.,意义一致原则,意义一致原则指主谓之间的一致关系不是由主语的语法形式来 决定，而是由主语所表达的意义来决定。形式是单数的主语， 其谓语可能是复数形式；反之，形式是复数的主语，其谓语有 可能是单数（详见后文所述）。例如：The class are doing experiment on heat and light.T
3、he team are playing magnificently.The United States is a country advanced in science and technology.Two thirds of the area is under water. 同一单词作主语，根据其表达意义的不同，有时用单数动词， 有时却要用复数动词。例如：The family is the basic unit of the society.The family have agreed among themselves to spend their vacation in Italy.,就近
4、原则,就近原则是指谓语动词与它最近的名词、代词或其他词在 人称或数上保持一致。常见于eitheror; neithernor等并 列结构或there, here引起的句子中。例如：Neither he nor his parents have the money to buy this house. Either you or he was wrong.There is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.Not only his children but he himself is hoping to be there.,注
5、意事项,谓语动词用单数的情况 谓语动词用复数的情况 谓语动词的单、复数要视情形而定的情况,1. 谓语动词用单数,1) one, every, everyone, everybody, no, no one, one of, many a, either, neither, nobody, anyone, somebody, someone等作主语或主语修饰语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.Neither of them drinks coffee. 2) a kind of, a sort of, a por
6、tion of, a section of, a series of, a succession of, a pair of, a couple of 等修饰主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致原则一般用单数。例如：A pair of scissors is what he needs now.A series of lectures on radio engineering is scheduled.There is a couple of vacant rooms behind the office.,1. 谓语动词用单数,3) 表示国家、单位、书报等名称或表示时间、距离、体积、度量衡（将它视
7、为一整体）等的名词或短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：The Neterlands is famous for its tulips.One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot.Ten pounds was missing from the bill.The Thirty-Nine Steps is an interesting novel. 4) 不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词也要用单数。例如：To master at least a foreign language is very necessary in the pr
8、esent conditions.Forgetting the past means nothing but betrayal.When they will start on their journey hasnt been decided.,1. 谓语动词用单数,5) 单数词作主语， 虽然后接由including, as well as, together with, in addition to, accompanied by等词连接其他的词，谓语动词仍然用单数。例如：Gold, as well as silver, has recently risen in price.The fact
9、ory, with all its equipment, has been burned.John together with his brother has gone to the party.,2. 谓语动词用复数,1) both, some, few, many, several, the majority (of), the minority (of)等词语作主语或主语修饰语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Both of them have gone to Shanghai on business.Few of my classmates really understand me.The m
10、ajority of (the) doctors believe smoking is harmful to health. 2) 以复数形式结尾的山脉、群岛、瀑布等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：The Niagara Falls are very spectacular.The Philippine Islands are in the Pacific Ocean. 3) 表示群体或类属的“the +形容词” 作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：The injured were sent to hospital at once.In many western films, the go
11、od are well rewarded and the bad are punished.,3. 单复数视情况而定,1) 由and连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。但当and连接的词语作整体考虑，指同一人、同一事物或概念时，谓语动词用单数。例如：The worker and poet has published a collection of poems recently.Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.当and连接两个形容词修饰一个单数名词作主语时，如果指一件 事物谓语动词用单数； 如果指两件事物则谓语动词
12、用复数。如：A black and white(黑白相间的) horse was drinking water.The red and the yellow rose are both beautiful. 2) 集合名词如family, group, team, the public, crowd, committee, staff等作主语， 表整体意义时用单数；表个体意义时用复数。如：Our team has won the game.Our team are discussing the matter of how to win.,3. 单复数视情况而定,3) 一些表示数量的词，如a l
13、ot of, any of, most of, half of, two-thirds of, eighty percent of, part of, the rest of, some of, none of, all of等与名词连用时，后面名词用单数则谓语动词用单数；名词用复数，谓语动词也用复数。例如：A large percentage of our pilots retire early.A large percentage of his income is paid in income tax.Most of the book is interesting.Most of the
14、books are informative though a little dull. 4) 另一些表示数量的词a number of, a total of, an average of等后接复数名词，谓语动词用复数； 但其中不定冠词换成定冠词时，谓语动词要用单数。例如：A number of students were late for school owing to the storm.The number of jobs is increasing.An average of 3 000 letters a month are received by the newspapers of
15、fice.,Exercises,1. Directions: In this exercise, there are 20 sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.,B,D,C,1. Ten percent of the workers in this city _ now on strike.A. is B. are C. is to be D. are to be 2. Not only
16、you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade _ not able to solve the problem.A. are B. were C. am D. is 3. The government _ hoping to make their findings known soon.A. is B. has been C. are D. be,Exercises,4. Today there _ a number of telephone calls from the applicants for the position.A. have
17、 been B. is having C. has been D. are to have 5. The nation wants peace; only a minority _ the war to continue.A. want B. wants C. wanted D. hast wanted 6. The play writer and director _ promised to attend our tea party.A. Have B. has C. are D. is,B,A,A,Exercises,7. Another three weeks _ necessary f
18、or us to finish the work.A. are B. was C. is D. will have been 8) Whether or not the new plan will yield any positive results _ to be seen.A. remain B. is remained C. remains D. have remained 9) The first part of the lecture was interesting but the rest _.A. was dull B. were dull C. had been dull D.
19、 were to dull,C,C,C,Exercises,10) Collecting stamps as a hobby _ increasingly popular during the past ten years.A. became B. becomes C. has become D. have become 11) _ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A. It being B. It is C. There being D. There is 12) Half of the audience
20、 _ foreigners.A. was B. were C. had been D. has been,C,D,A,Exercises,13) Half of the audience _ foreigners.A. was B. were C. had been D. has been 14）E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication A. are playing B. have played C. is playing D. play 15) A new TV series _ han
21、dicapped children that they can and should think about career development.A. have taught B. teaches C. teach D. were taught,B,B,C,Exercises,17) _makes mistakes must correct them. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody 18) What Im considering now _ the money we need. A. is B. are C. were D. was 19) T
22、he fact _ she had not said anything surprised all of us. A. which B. what C. that D. how 20) We thought _ strange that Tom did not come yesterday. A. that B. it C. this D. what,A,C,C,B,Exercises,2. Directions: Tick out（选出） the correct form of the verb given in the brackets to complete each sentence.
23、 1) There (seem, seems) to be many arguments on both sides. 2) Two-thirds of this (has, have) been finished. 3) Now the band (is, are) putting away their instruments. 4) Ten divided by two (equal, equals) five. 5) A pair of trousers (is, are) on the sofa. 6) The article is one of the best stories th
24、at (has, have) ever been written. 7) Neither the teacher nor the students (has, have) enough time.,Exercises,3. Directions: Put the following sentences into English. 1) 各种办法都试过了。2) 来自北方的学生不多。3) 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。4) 除了两个佣人之外，晚宴没有人迟到。（except）,Every means has been tried.,The number of students from the nor
25、th is small.,War and peace is a constant theme in history.,No one except two servants was late for dinner.,Exercises,5) 事先起草一篇作文是个好主意。6) 事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜。7) 许多人为了革命事业牺牲了自己的生命。（many a）8) 不但教师反对，学生也反对这一改变。,To plan a composition in advance is a good idea.,What caused the accident is a complete mystery.,Many a man sacrificed him for the cause of revolution.,Not only the teacher but also his students object to the change.,
