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类型Grammar1-句子结构与类型.ppt

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    Grammar1-句子结构与类型.ppt
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    1、句子结构与类型,高中语法专项,学院派,语感派,?,The day we looked forward to _ at last.A. came B. comingC. comes D. come(2008全国),It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is intro

    2、duced, the printers start working overtime.(03全国卷),句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有六种:_,主语(subject)、,谓语(predicate)、,宾语(object)、,定语(attribute)、,状语(adverbial)、,补语(complement)。,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一: (主谓) 二: (主谓宾) 三: (主谓宾宾补) 四: (主谓间宾直宾) 五: (主系表),基本句型 一: (主谓),主语:句子叙述的主体,可以作主

    3、语的成分有名词,代词等等。,谓语:主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态,由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。最简单的主谓结构:,如:The day breaks., ,1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. They talked for half an hour.,此句型有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。,基本句型 二: (主谓宾),特点:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。,I Love You!, (及物动词) (宾语),1. Who knows t

    4、he answer? 2. He enjoys Chun Ges music. 3. He admits that he is the criminal.,一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 1. People all over the world speak English. 2. How many new words did you learn last class? 3. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 4. The old man sitting at the gate said he

    5、was ill.,基本句型 三: (主谓宾宾补),特点:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。,Let me in!, (及物) (宾语) (宾补),1. They painted the door red. 2. This set me thinking. 3. I found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. They saw

    6、me getting on the bus.,名词/代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语/动词不定式/分词,1. She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. 2. He asked her to take the boy out of school. 3. She found it difficult to do the work. 4. They call me Lily sometimes. 5. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补

    7、足语,基本句型 四: (主谓间宾直宾),有些及物动词可以有两个宾语give/pass/bring/show 这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。,Give me a cup of tea please., (及物) (多指人) (多指物),She bought herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late.,基本句型 五: (主系表),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表

    8、达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。,系动词分两类: be, look, keep, seem等,表情况; get, grow, become, turn等,表变化。 be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作连系动词: look great/面色好 sound nice/听起来不错 feel good/感觉好 smell bad/难闻, (是系动词) (表语),1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells g

    9、ood. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red.,(五) 挑出下列句中的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject.,*There be 结构: There be 表示

    10、存在有。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆。 此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物,试比较:There is a boy there. 前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里。,存在句型,综合训练,They were finding that it was hard to make endsmeet and life had become very miserable. They were finding it hard to make ends meet and life had become very miserable.He found that it

    11、 was hard to believe. He found it hard to believe.,句型转换,I thought that it was appropriate to invite her to speak at the meeting. I thought it appropriate to invite her to speak at the meeting.I did not consider that it was necessary to report the incident. I did not consider it necessary to report t

    12、he incident.,句型转换,I believe that it is completely untrue. I believe it completely untrue.I feel that it is in everyones interest to have fulland open dialogues. I feel it in everyones interest to have full and open dialogues.,句型转换,大家来找茬,Your plan sounds well.well goodReportedly, several people were

    13、serious injured.serious seriously,大家来找茬,She glad that the birthday party was a success.glad was gladShe is not afraid of make a speech to a large group of people.make making,大家来找茬,I found the homework was not as heavy as I use to get in my old school.use used At the end of the term, we held a class

    14、party and we all have to cook something.have to had to,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(adj./adv./num.数词)短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:定语、状语 The little boy needs a blue pen.,一、 定语:,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。,不定代词(something/nothing); 不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时

    15、要放在被修饰的成分后(定语后置); 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,后置的定语,Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom. The boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen. There is nothing to do today. The pen bought by her is made in China. The boy you will know is Tom.,二、状语:,状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等,-The boy n

    16、eeds a pen now. -The boy needs a pen very much.,可用作状语的有副词,不定式,分词,介词短语, 从句等。,In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。 (地点状语) Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语),介词短语作状语:,He sits there, asking

    17、for a pen. (表示伴随状态) Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. (原因状语) Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. (原因状语),分词(短语)作状语:,The boy needs a pen to do his homework. (目的状语) To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. (目的状语),不定式作状语:,三、同位语:,同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,

    18、一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批学生) We all are students. (all是we的同位语,都指同样的我们),四、独立成分:,与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分 感叹词:oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词:yes 否定词:no 称呼语:称呼人的用语。 插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to th

    19、e end.,简单句: 只包含一个主谓结构的句子.并列句: 主谓结构 + 连词(and, but, so, or) + 主谓结构复合句: 引导词+主谓结构, 主谓结构(从句) (主句),句子类型,简单句,只有一个主语和一个谓语。 一: (主谓) 二: (主谓宾) 三: (主谓宾宾补) 四: (主谓间宾直宾) 五: (主系表),并列句,由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;) 把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。,并列句,分号“;”连接 Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of

    20、 rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.,并列句,1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用连接词:and, not onlybut also, neithernor, thenThe teacher is happy, and the students are tired.,并列句,2、表示选择,常用的连

    21、接词:or, eitheror, otherwise等。Either you leave the house or Ill shoot you.,并列句,3、表示转折,常用的连接词:but, however, yet, while等。Students have made great progress, but they still have lots to learn.,并列句,4. 表示因果关系,常用的连接词:so, for, therefore等。Summer in Hangzhou is hot, so I have to go to the North in vacations.,复合

    22、句,主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 定语从句 状语从句,名词性从句,It was amazing that you got 150! I couldnt believe that you got 150! The amazing information was that you got 150! I knew the amazing information that you got 150!,引导名词性从句的关联词,宾语从句,My fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can

    23、 do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.,修饰成分,1. 定语 中文中定语一定前置 英文中定语可以前置也可以后置,所以见到定语一律前置翻译,修饰成分1:定语,后置定语: 1. 形容词+介词短语 An available girl A girl available for you,修饰成分1:定语,2. 介词短语 A girl in the corne

    24、r 3. 分词短语 V-ing: 主动进行 A person walking on the road A girl being infatuated with me V-ed:被动完成a girl infatuated by me,修饰成分1:定语,4. to do The person to solve the problem The way to solve the problem 与分词作后置定语的区别:逻辑主语不同 5. 表语adj. Alive alike 只能后置 A cat alive 不定代词不能被前置定语修饰,修饰成分:定语从句,Dont be infatuated with

    25、 the brother who is a legend. Dont be infatuated with the sister who will make you spit blood. 引导词: 关系代词:who that which as whom 关系连词:where when why,修饰成分1:定语从句,In all the work I have done as president, every decision I have made, every executive action I have taken, every bill I have proposed and sig

    26、ned, Ive tried to give all Americans the tools and conditions to build the future of our dreams, in a good society, with a strong economy, a cleaner environment , and a freer , safer, more prosperous world.,修饰成分2:同位语和插入语,作用:补充说明作用,分隔结构 处理方法:删除 1 A,B My dog , huanhuan, is one in a million. The presid

    27、ent of United States , George Bush,is a fool.2 A ,or B3 A of B the city of Beijing,修饰成分2:同位语和插入语,处理方法:可以删除,也可以翻译成就是说 His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently(无知地) enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International,a software company,he first heard how quickly his employees had acce

    28、pted their new electronic-mail system.,修饰成分2:同位语和插入语,处理方法:可以删除,也可以翻译成就是说 I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.,修饰成分2:同位语从句,The news that Lily told us yesterday was ver

    29、y exciting. (定语从句) The news that our school football team had won the match was inspiring. (同位语从句),修饰成分3:状语,处理:剥离 1 adv. 2 介词短语 With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners, needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, accord

    30、ing to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA) in Salt Lake City. (NMET2003.B篇),3 分词:v-ing/v-ed短语 He rushed out, slamming the door behind him, yelling: son of bitch. Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 4 不定式短语 To find a boyfriend, FJ went to Peking University. 5 独立主格结构 Spring coming on, th

    31、e trees turn green.,独立主格,构成 (With) +名词+ adj.V+ing/V+edprep. phraseto do Transaction being processed, please wait.,随着照片曝光,他后悔这么做了 With the pictures exposed, he regretted having done so. 一切尽在掌握,我们没有必要担心 With everything under our control, we simply had no need to worry. 这么多人站在边上,贼将脸埋在了臂膀里 With so many

    32、people standing by, the thief buried his face in his arms.,救援队5分钟之内赶来,我们很有希望灭火 With the rescue team to arrive in 5 minutes, there is plenty of hope to put out the fire. 她冲了出去,脸色绯红 She rushed out, with his face red.,Tom finished his work and started to watch TV After he had finished his work, Tom sta

    33、rted to watch TV. Finishing his work, Tom started to watch TV. Lee finishing his work, Tom started to watch TV.,状语从句,Im only brave when I have to be. Being brave doesnt mean you go looking for trouble.This is my kingdom. If I dont fight for it, who will?,状语从句,Im only brave when I have to be. Being b

    34、rave doesnt mean you go looking for trouble. 时间状语从句 This is my kingdom. If I dont fight for it, who will? 条件状语从句,状语从句,Land is the only thing in the world worth working for, worth fighting for, worth dying for. Because its the only thing that lasts.Whatever comes, Ill love you, just as I do now. Unti

    35、l I die.,状语从句,Land is the only thing in the world worth working for, worth fighting for, worth dying for. Because its the only thing that lasts. 原因状语从句 Whatever comes, Ill love you, just as I do now. Until I die. 让步状语从句,Love is a lamp, while friendship is the shadow. When the lamp is off , you will

    36、find the shadow everywhere. Friend is who can give you strength at last.,按照说话的目的,可以分为四类:1)陈述句She may be right.2) 疑问句Where are you from?3) 祈使句Give me a hand, please.4) 感叹句What a nice view from the window!How clever you are!,陈述句,肯定陈述句,否定陈述句,I am a teacher. I am not a student.,疑问句,1.一般疑问句 (Yes-no Quest

    37、ion),2.特殊疑问句 (Wh- Question),3.选择疑问句(Alternative Question),4.反义疑问句 (Tag Question),一般疑问句 VS 特殊疑问句,1.一般疑问句(是非问句,用yes, no回答) Is there anything wrong with your watch? Has my watch been mended yet? Would you like a cup of coffee? - Havent you finished your homework yet?- Yes, I have. / No, I have not. Isn

    38、t it a beautiful lake? Isnt your sister a clever girl?,还可以表示感叹句,2.特殊疑问句(wh-问句),以who, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how 等词开头 正常语序:Who phoned last night?Whose itouch fell on the floor?What happened last night?,2.特殊疑问句(wh-问句),倒装语序:Who(m) are you talking with?What does your brother do?Where is h

    39、e living?When did he leave?,倒装语序,1)由there, here, now, then 等副词引导Theres the outman. Here comes a bus.Now comes your turn.,倒装语序,2)由so, neither, nor引导So have I.Neither does Helen.Nor have I.Nor will I deny that.,倒装语序,3) 由never, seldom, hardly等否定结构引导Never would he knew that secret.Seldom have I seen suc

    40、h a pretty girl.Hardly had he arrived when I started learning.Not until yesterday did I lost my itouch.,倒装语序,4) 现在分词和过去分词提前Standing beside the table is the teacher.Lying on the floor was a blooded man.Seated on the lawn are many couples.Hidden under the bed is my sister.,倒装语序,5) 状语从句Try as I would,

    41、I couldnt change her mind.Clever though he is, he cant solve the problem.,倒装语序,6) 习惯用法Long live Chairman Mao!May you have a happy life.,3.选择疑问句,1) 以一般疑问句为基础 Are you going to choose M or KFC? Shall I give you a hand, or can you manage? Would you rather wait or come late?,3.选择疑问句,2) 以特殊疑问句为基础 Which do

    42、 you like better, tea or coffee? How shall we go there? By bus or by train?,Chun Ge is handsome, isnt he? 反意疑问句要注意的几点: 1)有否定词的句子,反意问句要用肯定。 John has never been on time, ? has John B. hasnt John C. has he D. hasnt he,4. 反意疑问句,4. 反意疑问句,Few of them know that secret, He seldom does morning exercise, no,

    43、never, no one, none, nothing, few, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, neither.,do they?,does he?,2) 祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分通常用will you.Give me some advice, will (wont) you? 用will you 可以使祈使句的语气变的缓和,类似一种请求。 用wont you 常用来提醒某人Go home now, wont you? 否定句中只能用will youDont spit in public places, will you?,4. 反意疑问句,3)

    44、lets 和 let usLets go swimming, Let us go swimming,shall we?,will you?,4)当主语是 everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 等表人的不定代词时,附加问句的主语用he 或they.Nobody wants to go there, None of the boys can do it, No one is interested in this,4. 反意疑问句,does he?,can he?,is he?,4. 反意疑问句,5)当主语是 everythin

    45、g, something, anything, nothing等表示物的不定代词时, 附加问句的主语用itNothing in the world is easy,is it?,6) 陈述句的动词是表示愿望的wish时,后面的疑问部分用 mayI wish to go to the party, may I ?,4. 反意疑问句,7) 如果陈述句是一个主从复合句,那么疑问部分的谓语应该和主句的谓语动词保持一致;Its the third time he has been late, 8)如果主句是I think, I hope, I suppose, I believe 疑问部分的谓语应和从句

    46、保持一致I dont think you are a student,4. 反意疑问句,isnt it ?,are you?,1. They should have finished it already, ?A. didnt they B. should not they C. shouldnt they D. havent they2. Im very fond of sports, ? A. dont I B. didnt I C. am not I D. arent I,小试牛刀,3. Everyone hopes to get promoted, ?A. does he B. doe

    47、snt he C. dont they D. wont4. Youd like some coffee, ?A. hadnt you B. would you C. wouldnt you D. had you,小试牛刀,4. No one is interested in that, _?,Everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, nobody, no one,is he,祈使句,Please sit down. No smoking. Look out! There is a bus. Dont be nervous!,感叹句,Wonderful ! Wh

    48、at a beautiful girl she is ! How beautiful she is !,句型转换,What a beautiful girl she is! (用how引导的感叹句转换)How beautiful the girl is!,句型转换,How amazing the story is! (用what引导的感叹句转换) What an amazing story it is!,大家来找茬,1.Although she was in poor health, but she continued to carry out her duties. She was in poor health, but she continued to carry out her duties. 2.Because I was feeling hungry, so I made myself a sandwich. I was feeling hungry, so I made myself a sandwich.,

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