1、3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！中考基础知识讲解练习（JUNIOR BOOK III UNIT 15-18）一知识网络【重点内容概要】1过去完成时2购物用语及书信格式3能运用 sothat 和 so that 引导的状语从句4动词不定式作主语5定语从句【句型、词组精讲】seemseem 意为“似乎”、“好象”，为不及物动词，常用于以下几种结构：1后面可接不定式的一般式（seem to do sth.），不定式的进行式（seem to be doing sth.）和不定式的完成
2、式（seem to have done sth.）。如：She seems to be right. 看来她好像是对的。Jack seems to be doing his homework. 杰克好像正在做家庭作业。2可接从句，构成句型“It seems/ seemed that”意为“看起来好像”。如：It seems that he is right. 看来他好像是对的。3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！It seems that he has read the book
3、. 看来他好像已读过这本书。3后接形容词作表语。如：The teacher seems angry. 老师看起来很生气。This book seems quite interesting. 这本书看起来很有趣。4后接名词、动词 ing 形式或介词短语。如：She seems a clever girl. 她看上去是个聪明的女孩。It seems raining. 天好像要下雨。He seems at home. 他好像在家里。5还可用于 there be 句型中，表示“似乎有”。如：There seems to be nobody in the classroom. 教室里似乎没有人。“是否”
4、if & whether1if 和 whether 在其引导的宾语从句中作“是否”解时，一般情况下，两者可通用。但if 常用于口语中，whether 比较正式。2if 和 whether 在下列情况下不能通用。（1）作介词宾语时用 whether，而不用 if。如：Im interested in whether hell go out.（2）whether 引导的宾语从句可移到主句之前，if 则不能。如：Whether this is true or not, Im not sure.3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/
5、教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！（3）与动词不定式连用时，只能用 whether。如：She cant decide whether to go to Japan.（4）宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式时，只能用 if。如：I want to know if he wont come here tomorrow.表示“也”种种初中英语教材中出现了六个意思相当于汉语“也”的单词，用法比较广泛，现分述如下：1. too用在肯定句中，放在句末，前面可用逗号与句子隔开，也可不用；也可放在句子中间，前后都加逗号。如：（1）Nice to meet you, too. 见到你我也很高兴。（2）Yo
6、u, too, may have a try. 你也可以试一试。2. either 用在否定句中，常放在句末，前面常用逗号与句子隔开。如：He cant sing. I cant sing, either. 他不会唱歌，我也不会。3. also放在句子中间，不用逗号隔开。如：She also likes English. 她也喜欢英语。4. so用在肯定句中，常用句式为：so+助动词、系动词或情态动词+主语，表示前面说的情况也3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！适用于后者。如：（
7、1）A：Tom likes dancing. 汤姆喜欢跳舞。B：So do I. 我也喜欢。（2）Li Lei went to the park yesterday and so did I. 李雷昨天去公园了，我也去了。（3）I am a teacher and so is she. 我是位教师，她也是。5. neither 用在否定句中，常用句式为 neither+助动词、情态动词或系动词+主语，表示前面说的情况也适用于后者。如：（1）My brother doesnt like playing football and neither do I. 我弟弟不喜欢踢足球，我也不喜欢。（2）A
8、: Han Meimei cant draw. 韩梅梅不会画画。 B: Neither can I. 我也不会。（3）She isnt right and neither am I. 她不对，我也不对。6. nor用法如同 neither。区别为 neither 用于两者之间；nor 用于两者或两者以上。如：（1）Wei Fang has no story-books. Neither (Nor) do I. 魏芳没有故事书。我也没有。（2）Wei Fang has no story-books. Nor do I. Nor do you. 魏芳没有故事书。我也没有。你也没有。7. 以上有些句
9、式可以相互转换。如：3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！（1）He cant sing. I cant sing, either. He cant sing. Neither/ Nor can I. （2）My sister likes singing and so do I. My sister likes singing and I like it, too. （3）She also goes to work by bike. She goes to work by bike
10、, too.【语法精讲】被动语态主动语态变被动语态必须注意下面几个问题。谓语动词的人称和数应和主动结构的宾语保持一致。如：They built the tall building last month. The tall building was built last month. 与原句时态应保持一致。如：They will speak English. English will be spoken. 动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by 短语可省略。（如没握最好不要省。）如：We speak English in our school. English is spoken (by us)
11、 in our school. 主动结构中作宾补的不定式可以省去 to，但变为被动语态时必须加上 to .如：He made me finish the work at once. I was made to finish the work at once. 被动句中 by 短语和 with 等短语用法不同：强调动作的执行者要用 by；表示状态或主动者3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！所用的工具或手段要用 with。如：The work was done by him. The
12、 mountain was covered with snow. 当主动语态含有双宾语时可将任何一个宾语变为被动语态的主语，另一个不变，但当直接宾语作主语时，要在间接宾语前加上介词 to 或 for。如：My sister gave me a pen yesterday. A pen was given to me by my sister yesterday. / I was given a pen (by my sister) yesterday. “主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”句型变为被动语态时，只能将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，而宾补不变。如：I heard her sing a
13、 song in the next room. She was heard to sing a song in the next room. I saw him getting on a bus. He was seen getting on a bus. 当主动语态的动词是短语动词时，变为被动语态时不能将动词后的介词或副词丢掉。如：He sent for the doctor at once. The doctor was sent for at once. 当主动语态的谓语或宾语部分含有不定式时，变为被动句时要将不定式变为被动结构。如：He is going to do his homew
14、ork. His homework is going to be done. 下面几种情况主动语态不能改为被动语态。（1）当宾语是 myself 等反身代词时；（2）当谓语是表示状态的动词如：have, own, hold 等时；（3）当宾语是动词的 ing 形式时；（4）当宾语是相互代词时；（5）当宾语是表示数量，重量、大小或程度等时。动词不定式3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！1动词不定式作定语时，不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间一般有三种关系：（1）动宾关系：即动
15、词不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：She has a lot of work to do. 句中不定式 to do 与 work 构成动宾关系。说明：当作定语的不定式为不及物动词时或不定式虽是及物动词，但不能与中心词构成合理搭配时，不定式后要加适当的介词。如：We have nothing to worry about. They are looking for a house to eat in. （2）主谓关系：中心词与不定式所表示的动作之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，即中心词是不定式动作的发出者。如：She is always the first to com
16、e to school. 句中的 the first 是 come to school 的逻辑主语，即这个动作的发出者。（3）同位关系：作定语的不定式是对中心词内容的解释和说明。如：This is the best way to work out the problem. 句中的 way 的内容是 to work out the problem. 2“疑问词+不定式”结构，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：He didnt know how to do it. The question is when to start. 说明： (1) 当句子谓语动词是 know, learn, rememb
17、er, forget, tell 等时，其后的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词+不定式”结构，但主句与从句的主语必须一致。如：I dont know what I shall do next. I dont know what to do next. 3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！(2) 当句子的谓语动词是 tell，ask, show, teach 等，其后带双宾语，且从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转换成“疑问句+不定式”结构。如：Please tell me where
18、I can find her. Please tell me where to find her. 过去完成时1过去完成时的构成：由“助动词+had+过去分词”构成。如：The film had begun before I got to the cinema. 2过去完成时的用法：1）完成法：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它是一个相对的时态，只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间常用以下几种方式表达：(1) by，before 等构成的短语表示。如：We had learned 20 English songs
19、by the end of last year. They had gone home before five oclock. (2) 用 when, before 等引导的从句表示。如：I had waited for half an hour when the bus came. He had gone home before I got to his office. (3) 通过上下文表示。如：Tom said that the had seen the girl before. 2）持续法：表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。往往与 for或 since 引导的表示
20、一段时间的短语或从句连用，这种用法如同现在完时，谓语动词只能3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！用 be、live、study、work 等表示延续性的动词或表示状态的动词。如：She said she had worked here since 1968. I had taught English for twelve years before I came to this school. 说明： （1）在带有 after 或 before 引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从
21、句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：He called on me soon after he had returned. (=He called on me soon after the returned.) 他回来不久便来拜访我。（2）对于一连串的过去动作，其发生的先后顺序，有时可以由动词的词汇意义来表示，无需再用过去完成时。如：She looked around but saw nothing. 她环顾四周，但什么也没看到。He came in and said hello to everyone. 他进来向每一个人问好。宾语从句反馈一
22、、从句是陈述句1引导词：用 that 连接（口语中 that 常省略）2时态：（1）主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据实际情况用各种时态。（2）主句是过去时态时，从句多用过去的某种时态与之相呼应。（若从句是属于客观真理的，则用一般现在时态）。如：He said that he missed us very much. 3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！The teacher said light travels much faster than sound. 二、从句是一般疑问句
23、1引导词：用 if (whether)连接。2语序：由疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，即：（1）主语在先，谓语在后。（2）有助动词 do, does, did 等则要去掉。3标点：主句是肯定句的，句末用句号；主句是问句的，则句末用问号。如：He asked if Mr. Brown was a doctor. Do you know if Mr. Brown is a doctor? 三、从句是特殊疑问句1引导词：用原疑问词连接。2语序：用陈述句语序。（1）原疑问词是主语的，则不用变。（2）其余的要把谓语放在主语之后。如：Can you tell me who will give us a talk
24、? I dont know when classes will begin. 3主语是问句，句末要用问号。四、三种情况的共同点和不同点 3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！A共同点：（1）主句是过去时态时，从句都用过去的时态。（2）语序都用陈述语序。（3）若是客观真理时，时态都不变。B不同点：（1）引导词不同(1) that (2) if (whether) (3)原疑问词。（2）句末标点符号不同，主句是陈述句的，句末用句号；主句是疑问句的，句末用问号。（3）主句是现在时态时，则
25、根据句意用相应的时态。二考试热点1被动语态的三种时态：一般现在时的被动语态，一般过去时的被动语态和含情态动词的被动语态。作为考点常见于选择填空题、句型转换题和动词时态填空题中。另一考点为计量的表达方法。2通过购物、看病、书信等对话、文章，使学生能进行日常交际了英文书信的格式和书写，从而考查学生听、说、读、写的能力。此考点常见于完成对题和书面表达题中。3理解 sothat 和 though 引导的状语从句及动词不定式和疑问词连用、动词定式作定语的用法。常见题型为句型转换题。三重、难点突破1过去完成时的用法和构成，教材有叙述，在使用这个时态时要注意它与过去时有关系，即所说的“过去的过去”，以下介词
26、短语常用于过去完成时。by+过去时间，by the end of+过去时间，by the time+从句（过去时）等。另外要注意，在过去完成时中，短暂动作动词不能与 for+时段，since+时点连用。3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！2sothat 意为“如此以致”，that 后常借结果状语从句。Sothat 中间是带形容词还是副词，由谓语动词来决定。so that 从句可以变为 too (for sb.) to do或enough (for sb. to do)的简单句。3
27、关于 so 与 such这两个词都表示“这么”、“这样”、“如此”之意，但两者用法不同。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词短语，其用法：such（a/an）adj. +n. (注意：若名词前有many、much、few、little 等词时只能用 so) so 是副词，常置于所修饰的形容词、副词之前，其用法：so+adj.+a/an+n.。so 还有代词用法。4英文书信格式一份正规的信应主要包括四个部分：1）右上角是写信人的地址和写信日期。地址应从小写到大，地址下面要写日期。2）对收信人的称呼。一般称呼前都要用 Dear。3）内容。这是信件的主体。4）签名。签名前应写 Yours 这类的字样。
28、5）关于购物用语。四典型例题例 1 动词填空He _ (tell) to return his book to the library yesterday morning. 分析 此题根据句意“他”应归还书籍，不是自己告知，而是“被人告知”，所以这里应填被动语态形式。由于句尾 yesterday morning 表明过去时态，故应填 was told.3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！例 2 _ of the students are girls in our class. A
29、. Two three B. Two threes C. Two thirds D. Second three 分析 此题考查学生对英语分数的表达。英语的分数，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，先读分子，后读分母。当分子大于 1 时，分母就加 s，变为复数，故此题答案为 C。例 3 He likes the book but it _ too much. A. pays B. costs C. takes D. spends 分析 此题考查学生对同义词的理解。spend, pay, take, cost 都有“花费”之意，但它们有区别。take 表示“花费时间”，主语是动词不定式。It takes
30、sb. some time to do sth. pay“付款”常与 for 搭配；spend“花费时间/钱”，常与 on 搭配，其形式为spendon, spend(in) doing sth.。pay 和 spend 的主语应为“某人”。但 cost 一词“值钱”主语应为“某物/某事”。故答案为 B。例 4 将两句并合为一复合句。The words on the notice board are very small.I cant see them clearly.The words on the notice board are _ small _I cant see them clea
31、rly.分析 此题考查学生对语言的运用所掌握的能力。此题用 sothat 两词可以把两句合并起来，使它成为一个结果状语从句。即“通知墙报上的字是如此小以致我看不清楚。”另外，此题还可以一个简单句：The words on the notice board are too mall for me to see clearly.例 5 同义句转换。You can do your homework today or you can do it tomorrow.3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费
32、教育资源网！_ today or tomorrow _ OK for you to do your homework.分析 此题关键之处是要理解原句之意。同时选用正确的连接词。此题中已有“or”提醒学生应用 eitheror。“eitheror”有“要么要么”、“或者或者”之意。后一空格是考查学生 eitheror 其谓语动词“数”的问题，由于 tomorrow 是单数故后格填is。例 6 填空_the population of Germany?About eighty-one million. 分析 问“人口多少”常用 Whats the population?来表达。所以此题应用固定结构
33、，即填 Whats。例 7 词语替换。Your shoes are worn out. You should buy a new pair instead.A. too big B. too small C. too old D. too cheap分析 此题考查学生对词语的理解。be worn out 是“被穿破”之意，即“旧了”。而不存在“太大，太不，太便宜”的问题，所以答案为 C。例 8 正误例析1）那群女孩继续向前移动。误：The group of girls all moved. 正：The group of girls all moved on. 分析 英语中有些表示位移的动词，如
34、 pass, go, move, walk 等与 on 连用，往往含有动作的继续之意。如：pass on 继续传递，go on 继续进行，move on 继续向前移动，walk on 3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！继续走动等。2）你能告诉我去博物馆的路吗？误：Can you tell me the way go to the museum? 正：Can you tell me the way to the museum? 分析 the way to这一结构中 to是介词短语
35、，作定语，修饰 the way。英语中类似这种表达还有：the answer to the question 问题的答案，the key to the door 门上的钥匙等。另外有关问路的句型还有：Can you tell me how to get to the ？Can you tell me how I can get to the? Can you show me the way？How can I get to？等。五强化训练及答案 I词汇A）根据句意及词首字母写出所缺单词。1. Kates parents put presents in each o_ stockings. 2.
36、 The PLA was f_ on August 1, 1927.3. We got up early in the morning before the sun r_.4. Im sorry to tell you that you f_ the history exam again. 5. She r_ a letter from her father yesterday. B）根据句意，用所给单词的正确形式填空。6. A lot of _ (foreign) visited our school last Sunday. 7. With the _ of science, our li
37、fe is getting better and better. (develop)8. Do you know the _ (fly) number leaving for Beijing? 3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！9. She cant go any farther with her_ legs. (break)10. They didnt know who _ (invent) the fridge. C）词语理解：根据所给句子划线部分的意思，从四个选项中选出最
38、佳答案。11. The football match has been on for an hour.A. has begun for an hour B. began at oneo clockC. began an hour ago D. began for an hour12. My father joined the Party when he was twenty. A. is a Party member B. is in the Party member C. became a Party member D. wanted to be a Party member 13. She
39、 stopped crying and listened to the music.A. stopped to cry B. didnt cry any more C. couldnt cry much more D. began crying14. If you want to work out this difficult problem, you must use your head. A. ask for help B. think of C. think hard D. find way 15. Have you received any letters from your pare
40、nts these days? A. heard from B. listened C. talked D. reported II选择填空1. The heavy snow _ arriving in time. A. let the train not B. made the train not to 3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！C. stopped the train of D. stopped the train from 2. My parents _ abou
41、t 1, 000 yuan for my school education（教育）each year. A. spend B. take C. cost D. pay 3. The medicine _ cool, clean and dry. A. must keep B. must be kept C. must be carried D. must be in 4. In _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.A. few years B. a few years C. a few year D. a few years5.
42、 My grandfather could _ read _ write because he was too poor to go to school in the old days.A. either. . .or B. neither. . .nor C. both. . .and D. not only. . .but also6. Theres hardly _ milk in the bottle, _ there?A. no, isnt B. some, is C. little, isnt D. any, is7. The students should learn _ fro
43、m books _ from life.A. so, as B. both, and C. either, or D, neither, nor8. The population is growing faster in _ developed countries than in _ developed countries.A. more, little B .less, more C. more, less D. little, more9. China is famous _ her Great Wall.3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud
44、 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！A. as B. for C. to D. of10. How long have you _ the football team of the school?About two years.A. been on B. been at C. joined D. played11. Well have _ holiday. What are you going to do? A. two days B. two-days C. a two-day D. a two days12. The small boy didnt know
45、 what time_ with presents. A. his father filled his stockings B. did his father fill his stockings C. was his father filling his stockings D. his father has filled his stockings 13. On New Years Day all the children _ and enjoy themselves. A. dress in B. dress themselves up C. dress themselves D. dr
46、ess beautiful clothes 14. I have written _ down on this list. A. it of all B. in the all C. all it D. it all 15. The man _ in 1992, he _ for ten years. A. died, was dead B. died, has been dead C. was dead, has dies D. was dead, has been died 16. What a good student you are! _. 3eud 教育网 http:/ 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！3eud 教育网 http:/ 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！A. Thank you. B. Thats right. C. I should do more D. Dont say that 17. I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. If it _, well go to the park. A. rain B. wont
