1、Lecture 3: Nouns,名词是表示人或物的名称的词。名词可以根据其词汇意义,分为普通名词(Common Noun)和专有名词(Proper Noun) 。普通名词又可分为物质名词(Material Noun)、抽象名词(Abstract Noun)、集体名词(Collective Noun)和个体名词(Individual Noun)。现从名词的数(Number)和格(Case)来考虑具体的用法。I. 名词的数 数是个语法范畴,它是区别单复数名词的屈折变化形式。可数与不可数是英语名词最基本的类别。可数名词有单数与复数两种形式。,1. 通常来讲,个体名词是可数名词;物质名词、抽象名词、
2、专有名词和集体名词是不可数名词。但它们有时也以复数形式出现,表示不同意义。如:1) 物质名词 当其表示若干类、数量增多、扩大或表示某种饮料的名词时,可以复数形式出现。 例句: They were given some bread and water.(水) They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters. (领海)Id like some coffee and lemonade. (咖啡和柠檬水) Id like two coffees and three lemonades. (两杯咖啡,三瓶柠檬水),2)抽象名词 当其表示具体
3、行动、若干类或数量之多时,可以复数形式出现。 例句: At midnight he heard three knocks at the back door. His opinions are usually based on facts.He is relating(叙述) to us his experiences (经历)as an explorer(探险家).We met with many difficulties. 3)专有名词 一般来说,专有名词也是不可数名词,没有复数形式,但有时也以复数形式出现。 例句: (1)表示某姓的一家人 Are the Smiths coming to
4、our party tomorrow night? The Foxes have already left for San Francisco. (2) 表示同性或同名的若干人There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class. Did the two Mr. Blacks come this morning?,4)集体名词 集体名词一般只以单数形式出现,但集体名词的单数形式往往还可以作复数用。 如: The football team are having baths and are then coming back for tea. His
5、 family are waiting for him.The public now know the whole story.The police are investigating the crime(这起犯罪). 2. 单位词的使用 单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。它既可和不可数名词搭配,也可和可数名词搭配。与前者搭配时,其表达的事物具有个体性。,英语单位词大都借用普通名词,一般具有词汇意义。可分两类: 1) 表个数、容积及以形状表个数的单位词。如: a bowl of rice, a glass of beer, a cup of tea, etc. a bar(条)of chocola
6、te, a loaf of bread, etc. a piece of meat/ paper/ bread /information /furniture, etc.an item of news/ business /program, etc. an article(件) of furniture /clothing /luggage, etc. 2)表示行为、状态,成双、成组、成群。如: a fit(一阵/ 突然发作) of anger / laughter /fever, a flash(突然闪现,一瞬间) of hope / light / lighting, etc.a coup
7、le of (两个,几个)cars, a pair of shoes, a herd of elephants, etc.,3. 以s结尾的名词 这类名词有时作单数,有时作复数。常作单数的这类词包括某些疾病名称、游戏名称(billiards台球, bowls保龄球, dominoes多米诺骨牌, draughts跳棋, cards, etc)、学科名称(以ics结尾)以及某些地理名词和专有名词。如: Measles(麻疹) is a contagious(传染性的) disease. Cards is not allowed here.His politics is rather conser
8、vative.(保守的)Linguistics( 语言学)has developed rapidly in modern times.Physics was the only course she failed in.The United States is a country of people with varied origins.The New York Times is published daily.,4. 单复数同形的名词 1) 表示某些动物名称及上下文提到的打猎之事。 如: deer, sheep, swine (猪) ,fish 等to hunt elephant, ante
9、lope (羚羊), etc.to shoot wild duck, grouse (松鸡). 2) 表示数量与重量单位的名词。 如: two dozen eggs,forty head of cattle, four thousand people,5. 无复数形式的不可数名词常见的有: advice (忠告) baggage (行李) chalk(粉笔) clothing (衣物) equipment(设备) bread (面包) furniture(家具) information(情报) machinery (机械) news (消息) performance(演出) poetry(诗歌
10、) grass(草 ) rice (大米) scenery (风景) ,etc.,6. 名词的复数变化形式6.1 名词复数的规则变化 _ 一般情况加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags; car-cars _ 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches _ 以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses _ 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies _,6.2 其它名词复数的
11、规则变化1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数: 如: two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 比较层楼:storey -storeys story-stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如:photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potato-potatoes tomatotomatoesc. 均可,如:zero-zeros / zeroes,3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a.
12、加s,如: belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs; b. 去f, fe 加ves,如: self-selves half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves shelf-shelves; c. 均可,如:handkerchief-handkerchiefs / handkerchieves,6.3 名词复数的不规则变化 1)变内部元音:foot-feet, man-men, mouse-mice, tooth-te
13、eth, woman-women, goose-geese, louse-lice (虱子), salesman-salesmen, Englishman-Englishmen, etc. 2)单复同形 如: deer, sheep, fish, means, series, bison (美国野牛), quail (鹌鹑), swine (猪), salmon (鲑鱼), trout (鳟鱼), grouse (松鸡), etc. 民族(某国人):Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, Swiss, etc. 汉语计量单位:l
14、i, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters,3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people police cattle 等本身就是复数, 不能说 a people,a police,a cattle但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle the English,the British,the French,the Chinese, the Japanese
15、, the Swiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用. 如:The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4) 词尾加-en 如:brother-brethren (兄弟们同胞), child-children, ox-oxen 5) 外来词 如:criterion-criteria(标准), phenomenon-phenomena, syllabus-syllabi(大纲),6)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes, pliers(钳子), scissors, etc.若表达具体数
16、目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 7) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词, 为不可数名词, 是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。如:The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸杂志名, 也可视为单数。如:“The Arab
17、ian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。 8)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼,6.4 不同国家的人的单复数名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian t
18、wo Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 t
19、he Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes,II.名词的格名词的格是个语法范畴,表示名词与其他词在句中的关系。现代英语名词有两个格: 通格(COMMON CASE)和属格(GENITIVE CASE )。当名词在句中充当主语、宾语或补语时,名词词形无变化,这就是说,采取通格的形式。 当名词在句中表示所有或其他某些关系时,名词采用属格的形式。名词的属格又分两种:s属格或所有格;of属格。,1. s属格可表示: 1)人
20、名,有生命或被视为有生命的东西的名词。如: Browning s poems; workers families; the Partys policy; the mens room 2)天体和时间名称的名词。如: the moons orbit(轨道); the suns rotation(旋转); todays magazine; an hours drive 3)工业、科技、交通、电讯、文化艺术活动等名称的名词。如: the plants technical force(工厂的技术力量); automobiles contribution; the books significance;
21、4) s属格所修饰名词的省略 (1). s属格所修饰的名词, 如前已出现, 即可以省略。例句: The dictionary is not mine, but Comrade Wangs. These are Johns books and those are Marys. (2). s属格后的名词如指商店、家宅等地点时,该名词亦常省略。如: at the doctors; near the grocers; to my uncles,2.of属格可用于: 1)名词后面,跟后置修饰语或同位语时,例句: The city of Newcastle(纽卡斯尔) lies at the mouth
22、of the Newcastle River.Mr. Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China. 2) 以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时,如: the struggle of the oppressed (被压迫人民的斗争)the livelihood of the poor (穷人的生计),3.s属格与of 属格在用法上的区别: 1)当s属格表示事物类别或属性时, 不用of属格代替:如 “儿童画报”应是childrens pictorial, 而不是pictorial of children. “男式服装”应为mens clothing 而不是clothing of men 2)在某些习语中只能用s属格. 有些结构中只能用of属格,如:at ones wits end(智穷计尽;全然不知所措); a wolf in sheeps clothing(披着羊皮的狼:假装意气相投但实际上怀着恶毒意图的人); the income of the rich; the suggestion of those present at the meeting 3)of属格可表示同位关系; 而s属格通常不这样用.如:the city of New York(纽约市)the ten of us(我们十个人),