1、八、复合句,1The old town has narrow streets and small houses_are built close to each other. (2011山东，32) Athey Bwhere Cwhat Dthat 解析 句意：这个古老的小镇拥有建造得彼此靠得很近的狭窄街道和小房子。考查定语从句。先行词是narrow streets and small houses，还原到从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that。A和C不能引导定语从句，B是关系副词，不能作主语。 答案 D,2The villagers have already known_well do is t
2、o rebuild the bridge. (2011江西，26) Athis Bthat Cwhat Dwhich 解析 句意：村民们已经知道我们将要做的就是重建这座桥。考查名词性从句的用法。分析句子成分可知have already known后为宾语从句。而在该宾语从句中又含“_well do”这一主语从句，该主语从句缺少宾语，且表“事物”，故用what引导。 答案 C,3_volleyball is her main focus, shes also great at basketball. (2011北京，29) ASince BOnce CUnless DWhile 解析 句意：尽管
3、她把重点都放在排球上，可她也擅长篮球。考查连词。根据句意应选择D项。这里while引导让步状语从句。 答案 D,4It was April 29, 2011_Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. (2011福建，33) Athat Bwhen Csince Dbefore 解析 句意：2011年4月29日，英国威廉王子和凯特米德尔顿走入婚姻殿堂。考查状语从句。根据句意可知设空处引导时间状语从句，故答案为B项。本题易误选A项，认为本题考查强调句型，如选A项，需在
4、April 29,2011前加上介词on。 答案 B,5He had no sooner finished his speech_the students started cheering. (2011辽宁，29) Asince Bas Cwhen Dthan 解析 句意：他刚做完演讲，学生们就开始欢呼起来。考查固定句式。no sooner往往与than连用，意为：一就。故答案为D项。 答案 D,1.只用that不用which的情况： 先行词是不定代词all，few，little，much，something，nothing，anything等。 All that we have to do
5、is to practise English. 我们不得不做的一切是练习英语。 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。 The first letter that I get from him will be kept. 我所收到的他的第一封来信将要被保存。,热点考向一 定语从句,关系代词that与which的用法区别,先行词被all，any，every，each，few，little，no，some等修饰时。 Ive eaten up all the food that you gave me. 我已经吃光了你给我的所有食物。 先行词被the only，the very，the same，t
6、he last修饰时。 He is the very person that I am waiting for. 他正是我在等待的人。 先行词既有人又有物时。 They talked about persons and things that they met. 他们谈论了他们遇到的人和事。,若关系代词在从句中作表语，一般需用that。 Mary is no longer the girl that she was. 玛丽不再是过去那个女孩了。 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词用that。 Who is the man that is giving us the cla
7、ss? 给我们上课的那个人是谁？,2只用which，不用that的情况： 关系代词前有介词，先行词指物时只用which。 This is the college in which I am studying. 这是我正在就读的大学。 引导非限制性定语从句时只用which。 Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.全世界都在踢足球，它是一项非常有趣的运动。,【典例】Whenever I met her，_was fairly often，she greeted me with a sweet s
8、mile . (2009山东卷) Awho Bwhich Cwhen Dthat 解析 考查非限制性定语从句，此处所选的关系词需指代前后整个句子，故用which。句意：无论何时我遇见她，她都会一如既往地向我微笑。 答案 B,【口诀巧记】 定语从句 1that which代表物，区别且听我来述； 先行若是不定代，that就把which踹； 先行词前有两数，就用that定无误； 先行词前最高级，还用that必无疑； 句中若有there be，that应把which替； 先行主中作表语，避免重复从句里。,2关系副词when/where/why，从中作状莫懈怠； 时间用when，原因why，地点whe
9、re经常在；关系副词要替换，介词加上关系代；关系代，关系代，that与who要除外；挑选介词要聪明，必看动词和先行；聪明反被聪明误，只因乱用关系副；关系副，关系副，定缺主宾它不住；它不住，它不住，关系代词来玩酷。,1.as一般放在句首或句中，which置于句中。 As we know，the earth is round. 正如我们所知，地球是圆的。 The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。,关系代词as与which的用法区别,2as可引导非限制性从句，常常有“正如”之意；which可以
10、表示主从句之间的因果关系。 As we know，smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 He was always late，which made his teacher very angry. 他经常迟到使他的老师很生气。 3当先行词被as，so，such，the same修饰时，关系代词常用as。 Thats as good a place as I can find. 这是我能找到的好地方。 Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听说过像他讲的这种故事。,注意区别： This
11、is the same pen as I used yesterday. 这支钢笔和我昨天用的那支一样。(as表示同样的钢笔) This is the same pen that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用的那支钢笔。(that意为同一支钢笔),【典例】My friend showed me around the town，_was very kind of him. (2009全国卷) Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit 解析 句意：我的朋友真不错，他带我绕城转了一圈。句中was前缺少主语，排除关系副词where；it不能引导定语从句，故排除D项；that
12、不能引导非限制性定语从句，故排除B项。关系代词which在此指代逗号前整个句子。 答案 A,whose是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语。of which可以代替whose指物，词序一般是“名词of which”或“of which名词”。of whom可以代替whose指人，词序是“名词of whom”。 He lives in a room whose window faces south.He lives in a room the window of which(或of which the window)faces south.他住在窗户朝南的房子里。,关系代词whose和of
13、 whom，of which引导的定语从句,This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country. 这就是那位全国知名的科学家。,【典例】A person_email account is full wont be able to send or receive any emails.(2009天津卷) Awho Bwhom Cwhose Dwhoever 解析 句意：一个人的电子邮件账
14、户满了，就不能收发任何邮件了。email account前缺少定语，故用whose引导定语从句，相当于the email account of whom。 答案 C,1.“介词关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom。 She still remembered the day on which she won the prize. 她仍然记得她获奖的那天。 The man with whom she entered the hall was her husband.和她一起走进大厅的那位男子是她的丈夫。 2“名词/不定代词/数词of which/whom”引导的定语从句。
15、 I read some books，the cover of which are old. 我读了一些书，它们的封面是旧的。 There are forty students in our class in all，most of whom are from big cities.我们班上共有40名学生，其中大多数来自大城市。,“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句,【典例】Gun control is a subject_Americans have argued for a long time. (2009陕西卷) Aof which Bwith which Cabout which Dinto
16、 which 解析 句中先行词是Gun control，关系词在从句中作介词的宾语，介词前置，介词与从句动词构成搭配argue about sth，故选C。句意：枪支的控制是很长时间以来美国人争论的话题。 答案 C,关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。 1关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I remember the day when(on which)I first met her. 我记得第一次遇见她的那天。 2关系副词where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Beijing is the place where(in which)I w
17、as born. 北京是我出生的地方。,关系副词when，where和why的用法比较,3关系副词why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer? 这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗？,【典例】Life is like a long race_we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. (2009重庆卷) Awhy Bwhat Cthat Dwhere 解析 句意：生活像长跑比赛，我们与其他人竞争以超越我们自己。先行词为race，代入定语从句后为：. w
18、e compete with others to go beyond ourselves in the long race.由此可见，race在定语从句中作状语，且表示地点，故选关系副词where。 答案 D,1.主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether, if和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how, when, where, why等引导。 That he suddenly fell ill made us surprised. 他突然病倒使我们挺吃惊的。 What he wants to
19、tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么还不清楚。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。,热点考向二 名词性从句,主语从句,2what与that在引导主语从句时的区别。 what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that引导从句，不充当成分。 What you said yesterday is right.你昨天说的是对的。(what引导主语从句，作said的宾语) That she is still alive is
20、a consolation.她还活着真是一件令人慰藉的事情。(that引导主语从句，不作任何成分，但不可省略),3主语从句若含有“是否”意义，其引导词只能用whether，不能用if。 Whether he will be able to come tomorrow remains a question.他明天是否能来仍然是个问题。 4有时为了避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。 It is a shame that we should have lost such an important customer.真遗憾我们失去了一位如此重要的客
21、户。,【典例】It is still under discussion_the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.(2011重庆，22) Awhether Bwhen Cwhich Dwhere 解析 句意：那个旧公交车站是否应该被一家现代化宾馆所取代仍在讨论中。考查名词性从句。“It”作形式主语，“_the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not”作真正的主语。根据句意及题干中的“or not”可知答案为whether，
22、“whether . or not”在名词性从句中意为：是否。 答案 A,在复合句中充当谓语动词宾语或介词宾语的名词性从句称为宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样。 1由关联词that引导的宾语从句。 由关联词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如果从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。 He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining.他说他非常喜欢下雨，下雨天他都
23、不愿用伞。,宾语从句,2由who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。 I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。,3由whether或if引导的宾语从句，要保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if在作“是否”讲时，一般可以换用，但在下列情况下一般只能
24、用whether, 不用if。 引导的从句作介词宾语时。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 从句后有or not时。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 后接动词不定式时。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？,【典例】Many young people in the West are expected to leave_could be lifes most
25、important decisionmarriagealmost entirely up to luck. (2009江苏卷) Aas Bthat Cwhich Dwhat 解析 考查名词性从句。句意：许多西方年轻人都把人生中最主要的决定婚姻几乎都归因为运气。what一词作从句的主语，并引导宾语从句，作动词leave的宾语。 答案 D,在复合句中放在系动词之后，作表语的从句称为表语从句。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。 1表语从句的引导词主要有：that(不可省略)，whether(不能换成if), what, who, which, how, why
26、, when, where, whoever, wherever等。The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 问题是我们是否可以在如此短的时间内做好准备。,表语从句,Thats just what I want.那正是我想要的。 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 2as if/as though, because, why引导表语从句。 It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。 This
27、 is why we missed the early bus. 这就是为什么我们错过了早班车。 Thats because he got up late. 那是因为他起床晚了。 The reason is that he missed the early bus. 原因是他错过了早班车。,【典例】Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. (2010北京卷) Awhat Bthat
28、Cwhy Dwhether 解析 that引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，且that不充当句子的任何成分。其他选项不合题意。 答案 B,在复合句中，同位语从句说明其前面名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导(that不能省略)，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth，wish, word等。 The news that we won the gam
29、e is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。,同位语从句,I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到玛丽可能生病了。 温馨提示：同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词that充当主语或宾语，有实际意义，作宾语时，可省略。同位语从句中的that是连词，不充当句子成分，没有任何意义，但不可省略。,The news(that)we heard on the radio
30、was not true.(定语从句)我们在广播上听到的那个消息不是真的。 The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.(同位语从句) 我们足球队赢得比赛的消息令人振奋。,【典例】News came from the school office_Wang Lin had been admitted to Peking University.(2009四川卷) Awhich Bwhat Cthat Dwhere 解析 句中that引导了一个同位语从句来解释说明news的内容，由于把同位语从句后置了，所以很多考生因不能
31、正确分析句子结构而错误选择了D项。 答案 C,1.when, while和as的用法 when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂性动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生。 When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。 When the film ended, the people went back. 电影一结束，看电影的人便回去了。,热点考向三 状语从句,时间状语从句,while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。 Please dont
32、talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作时，别高声谈话。 as引导一个持续性动作，多用于主句和从句动作同时发生。 John sings as he works.约翰一边工作，一边唱歌。,2as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, no sooner . than ., hardly/scarcely . when . 的用法 这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一就”，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。 The moment she arrives, we
33、 can start. 她一到，我们就可以开始。 No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. 我们一到车站火车就出发了。 The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 男孩一看到他的母亲就哭了。,3till, until和not . until的用法 在肯定句中，主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，意为“某动作一直延续到某点才停止”。 You may stay here till/until the rain stops. 你得在这里呆到雨停。 在否定句中，
34、主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。 He wont go to bed till(until)she returns. 直到她回来他才睡。 not . until句型中的强调和倒装说法。 It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型) Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首，主句要倒装),4before和since的用法 连词before表示“还未就”，“不到就”，“才”，“趁还没来得及时”
35、。 Before they reached the station, the train had gone. 他们(还没)到火车站前，火车已经开走了。 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。 Please write it down before you forget it.趁你现在没忘把它记下来。,before的句型：It will be时间段before从句，表示“多久之后才”。 It will be half a year before I come back.半年后我才回来。 It wont be long b
36、efore we meet again. 不久后我们将再见面。,since的句型：it is/has been时间段since从句。若从句谓语为非延续性动词，表示“自从有多久”；若从句的谓语为延续性动词，表示“自从结束/完成起有多久”。 It is three years since the war broke out. 战争爆发以来，有三年了。 It is three years since he lived here. 他不在这儿住已经有三年了。,5every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the tim
37、e的用法 这些短语用来引导时间状语，表示“每当”，“每次；下次”等。 Every time I meet her I always forget her name. 每次我见到她时，我总忘了她的名字。 Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here. 下次你来时，记住把你的儿子带来。 You are welcome to come back any time you want to. 你想回来随时可以回来。,【典例】Peter was so excited_he received an invitation from his fri
38、end to visit Chongqing. (2009重庆卷) Awhere Bthat Cwhy Dwhen 解析 考查时间状语从句。句意：当他收到朋友参观重庆的邀请时，Peter很高兴。根据句意可知，此题应填when引导时间状语从句。 答案 D,【口诀巧记】 常用状语从句 状语从句三要点，时间、原因和条件。从句如果表时间，when，after，before走在前。状语从句表原因，because前面来引导。状语从句表条件，if前面来引导。主句通常前面走，从句紧紧跟在后。从句如在主句前，从句之后加逗点。,地点状语从句： 1地点状语从句可用where, wherever, anywhere,
39、 everywhere等引导。地点状语从句可用于主句之前或之后。 You are free to go wherever you like. 你愿意去哪里就去哪里。 Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。 Wherever there is smoke, there is a fire. 无火不生烟(既无风不起浪)。,地点状语从句和原因状语从句,2注意区分引导的定语从句与状语从句。 Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句) Youd better make a ma
40、rk at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句) 原因状语从句： 1引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that等，每个连词的含义不尽相同。,Why are you absent from the meeting？Because I am ill. 你为什么没开会？因为我病了。 As it is raining, we shall not go to the park. 因为天在下雨，我们将不去公园。 Now that/since eve
41、rybody is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们就开始我们的会议。,2其他表示原因的方式 除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，这样的短语有：because of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。 Because of the weather, we had to put off the sports meeting.由于天气，我们不得不推迟会议。,【典例】Today, we will begin _ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out
42、. (2010重庆卷) Awhen Bwhere Chow Dwhat 解析 where在此引导地点状语从句。 答案 B,目的状语从句： 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest等。 1in order that与so that 两个连词都意为“以便，为了”，引导的状语从句中需用情态动词；in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。 Ill speak slowly so that you can understand
43、 me. 我将说慢点以便你能理解我。 In order that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early.为了能看到日出，我们很早就出发去山顶了。,目的状语从句和结果状语从句,2for fear that, in case与lest这些从属连词本身带有否定意义，意为“以免，以防”，相当于so that . not . 或in order that . not .。 The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see
44、him. 男孩躲在树后以免他的父亲看到他。 Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。,Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.迈克是一位如此诚实的工人以至于我们都信任他。 He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.他挣的钱如此少以至于不能养家。 试比较It is not s
45、urprising that such little worms eat so little grain.这么小的虫子吃这么少的谷物并不令人感到惊讶。,2除结果状语从句外，too . to ., enough to ., so . as to等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。 He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus.He got up too late to catch the bus.He got up so late as to miss the bus.他起得太晚了以至于没赶上公共汽车。,【典例】The police officers in
46、 our city work hard _ the rest of us can live a safe life. (2011上海，37) Ain case Bas if Cin order that Donly if 解析 句意：我们市里的警方官员们努力工作是为了让我们能过安全的生活。考查状语从句。A.以防；万一；B.好像；C.为了，以便于；D.只要。分析句意可知选C。 答案 C,【口诀巧记】 区别so.that和such.that的用法,名前such，形、副so，that从句跟在后；多多少少必用so，特别注意是little；“小”用such，“少”用so。,条件状语从句： 引导条件状语从
47、句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, so(as)long as, in case, on condition that, suppose/supposing, provided that等。 Youll fail the exam unless you study hard. 除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。 As long as you dont lose heart, you will succeed. 只要你不灰心，你就会成功。 Suppose/supposing(that)they refuse us, who else can we turn to for hel
48、p? 如果他们拒绝了我们，我们能向谁求助呢？,条件状语从句和方式状语从句,方式状语从句： 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as if, as though等。 方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。 Do as you are told to, or youll be fired. 按照被告诉的方式去做，否则你会被解雇的。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 老妇人对待那个男孩就像是对待自己的孩子。,【典例】The medicine works more effectively_you drink some hot water after taking it. (2009浙江卷) Aas Buntil Calthough Dif 解析 句意：如果你在服药后喝些热水，这种药能更有效地发挥作用。if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”，符合题意。as意为“当时，因为”；until意为“到为止”；although意为“尽管”，均不合题意。 答案 D,
