1、Lecture 11 Interpretation Skill: Figure Interpretation (1),Teaching Procedures,I. Dictation II. Interpreting Figures,Interpreting of Figures I,examples,1. 请用英语和汉语分别表达下面一组数字： 1234567891234,One trillion two hundred and thirty-four billion five hundred and sixty-seven million eight hundred and ninety-o
2、ne thousand two hundred and thirty-four 一兆两千三百四十五亿六千七百八十九万一千二百三十四,请用英语和汉语分别译出所述数字,12亿9988万； 542 million 830 thousand,1 billion 299million 880thousand; 542,830,000,汉语数字分段法：,英语数字分段法：,A. Some Practical Difficulties for Chinese InterpretersFor an interpreter, to do a long series of figures in interpreta
3、tion is always by no means easy. And for an interpreter whose mother tongue is Chinese, the difficulties involved seem to be even greater.Notably among the difficulties are the following:,A Brief Introduction,In Chinese, one tends to say “万” and “亿” of which there is no equivalent in English. Hence
4、“一万” must be rendered into “10千” (ten thousand); “三万” into “30千” (thirty thousand); “二十万” into “200千” (two hundred thousand), etc And “一亿” must be rendered into “100百万” (one hundred million); “一亿三十万” into “100百万零300千” (one hundred million and three hundred thousand);,“十亿” into “1,000百万” (one thousan
5、d million, or one billion); and “一百亿”, “10千百万” (i.e. ten thousand million or 10 billion ), etc All this may cause complication for a beginner or for those young interpreters who have not undergone sufficient training in this regard.,2) The ways comparison is expressed in Chinese are, in some respect
6、s, different from those in English, especially when the questions of countable and uncountable nouns are involved, e.g.(1) Though in Chinese we say “倍” when we talk about “学校为的三倍” in describing the increase in the number of schools, in English we shall have to say, for instance, “There are three tim
7、es as many middle schools now in our province as there were in the early post-liberation days.”,(2) Though in Chinese we use the same word “倍” when we talk about “粮食产量”, in English we shall have to say,for example, “Our province produces twice as much grain as it did on the eve of liberation in 1949
8、.”,3) Quite a few units of measurement in Chinese such as li (1/2 kilometers), mu (0.66 hectare, or 1/6 acre), jin (1/2kilogram), etc. usually have to be converted into the metric systems by the interpreter on formal occasions, so as to facilitate understanding. And this extra bit of work (concernin
9、g conversion in units of measurement) could be quite a strain on an interpreter unless he has already acquired some experience in the course of training and practice.,1) Two significant points: a. as indicated earlier, it is risky trying to do a long series of figure in interpreting without jotting
10、them down in a feasible way. To ensure accuracy it is always helpful and reassuring to speedily jot them down as they are being uttered (or read) by the original speakers.,B. Some Practical Hints to Remember,b. In the case of C-E and E-C interpretation, figures do require a sufficient amount of trai
11、ning. By figures we mean, in a larger sense, not only a long series of figures combined with various units of measurements but also a long string of document symbols and long series of proper names (of persons/places).,(1) To lay emphasis on the speedy and accurate rendering of figures involving “万”
12、 and “亿” as a first step.(2) To practice the rapid reading of 5-digit numbers, 8-digit numbers and, then, 10-digit numbers, etc. in both Chinese and English, and then combine them with various “units of measurement” until accuracy and fluency are achieved.,3) Some possible signs used:,(1) Using comm
13、a (,) each representing one group of 3 naught, e.g. “forty thousand”, represented by “40,” means “四万”; “six hundred thousand”, represented by “600,” means “六十万” “seven million”, represented by “7,” means “七百万” “thirty million”, represented by “30,” means “三千万”,(2). An easy table could be useful when
14、 you hear the numbers. You just fill in the form.,(3). If a number is bigger than a million, the easiest way is to use a point after the number of million. For instance, 396万, can be put in this way, 3.96 million. Apply the same way to the following numbers: 3,956万39.65million 3亿9,650万396.5million;
15、If the number is bigger than a billion, adopt the same way to do it. e.g. 129亿12.9billion,(4). Note the following ways of uncertain numbers几个 some; a few; several十几个 more than/ over a dozen; less/no more than twenty几十个 dozens of几十年 Decades七十好几了 well over seventy二十刚出头 in her/his early twenties三十大几了（快
16、四十了） in her/his late thirties千千万万 thousands and thousands of好几百个 hundreds of成千上万 thousands upon thousand of几十万 hundreds of thousands of数以百万计的 millions of亿万(人) hundreds of millions of十年 a decade二十年 a score/four score and seven years ago三十年(25-30) a generation五十年 half a century一百年的 centennial 一百年/世纪 C
17、entury,4). In Chinese we often hear or talk about ordinal numbers. If we interpret in English, we have to change the ways of asking/inquiry.这是你第几次来中国？ Is this your first visit to China? This isnt your first visit to China, is it? How many times have you been in China? 你们队得了第几名？ Did your team win the
18、 championship? Did you get/win the first place in the competition? 这孩子是（你的）老几呀？ Is this your oldest/youngest child/son/daughter?,数字口译补充材料,数字的翻译是口译中的一大难关，即使是老翻译，当遇到数字时，尤其是遇到五位数以上的数字时，也不敢有半点松懈。这不仅仅是因为数字难译，更重要的是在商贸谈判或外交活动中，数字误译所造成的后果是不堪设想的。 数字口译之所以难，其中一个主要原因在于英汉对于四位数以上的数字的表达有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英语数字的表达以每三位数为一
19、段位，而汉语以每四位数为一段位。 关于数字翻译，调查显示：英译汉时难点在记忆，汉译英时，难点在于快速表达。以下我们从记笔记和转换两方面来演示在课堂内外如何实践以求尽快掌握数字的翻译。,Tips 1)先练习“大整数”换算对译，再练各个数级换算，最后练习（million, billion对译汉语的一百万、十亿）繁杂零琐的数字； 2)尽量利用笔记，提倡在听辨源语数字同时立即译成译语（边听、边记、边译） 用B或b记录“十亿”，用M或m记录“百万”，如：two billion thirty-four million 2 B 34 M 十二亿四千万 1 B 240 M,3). 点线法,中译英时，应在听到“
20、亿”时即斜向划一长线/，听到“万”时再划同样的斜长线/，剩下的数字则仍用“符号结合阿拉伯数字”的通用方式完成，或者一律记阿拉伯数字，但不一定立即译成相应的译语数字。（记住是四位一段） 例1：一亿三千零二万零八百五十八 1/3002/0858 例2：一百零一亿七千四百八十九万五百四十 101/7489/0540,汉语数字分段法： 第一段位 个 十 百 千 第二段位 万 十万 百万 千万 第三段位 亿 十亿 百亿 千亿 第四段位 兆（万亿） 英语数字分段法： 第一段位 One Ten Hundred 第二段位 Thousand, Ten thousand, Hundred thousand 第三段
21、位 Million, Ten million, Hundred million 第四段位 Billion, Ten billion, Hundred billion 第五段位 Trillion,口译时，从右向左，逆着原记录顺序每三位打一个逗号（分节号），便可将这些数字切分成印欧语系诸语言的进位单位了。用此方法，需要牢记分节号左位数的单位。从右向左：第一个分节号左位是“千”位，第二个分节号左位是“百万”位，第三个分节号左位是“十亿”位。 例1：1/30,02/0,858 130M 20Th 8Hu &58 例2：10,1/74,89/0,540 10B 174M 890Th 5Hu &40,此形
22、式译成外语很方便，“回译”成汉语也没太大困难。外译汉（如英文）时，译员应在听到billion、million、thousand等位时，便立即打上一处逗号。例： thirty two billion four hundred fifty seven million eight hundred twenty six thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven 32,457,826,937在预备译出时依然从右到左，按汉语数字进位规律每四位数打上斜线：32,4/57,82/6,937，译员只需照着斜线所提示的汉语数字表达习惯读出即可。,汉语分段应记住在万，亿处作标记
23、英语分段应记住在thousand，million，billion,trillion处作标记,Attention!,转换,同学非常熟悉中文里面的“个、百、千、万、十万、百万、千万、亿、十亿、百亿.”。每一级的单位都有，非常齐全。而在英语中同学掰指数来：hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion。总觉得和中文配不起来，因此同学碰到“万、十万、千万、亿”要特别注意，要反复操练这几个数字，这几个数字在中译英时尤为重要。 1万= ten thousand 10万= one hundred thousand 1000万= ten million 1亿= on
24、e hundred million,It covers a total of five hundred forty-nine million nine hundred forty-six thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight square meters. Unemployment has risen to over three million for the first time in six years and analysts expect the jobless total to rise by a further 40,000 this mont
25、h. Manufacturing output has meanwhile steadied, after a nought point five per cent decrease last month. 失业人数六年来首次突破3百万。专家预测本月失业人数约新增4万，而制造业产量继上个月下跌百分之零点五之后已趋稳定。 三万二千五百 十二亿七百二十一万四百七十二,Practice:： interpret the following numbers,Pair work: One student reads the following figures aloud in the language g
26、iven, the other takes notes and then interprets them into the target language. Take turns to practice.,四千三百八十六 二百七十四点九 五万五千九百三十二 八千八百五十九万七千三百二十 二亿三千七百一十五万零二百三十六 十六亿八千九百九十万三千七百五十四 七百零四亿九千三百五十七万九千零四十八,One hundred and thirteen point eight four Six thousand four hundred and thirty-one Four million eight
27、 hundred and three thousand seven hundred and twelve Ninety-four million two hundred and seventeen thousand eight hundred and twenty-six Five hundred and thirty million one hundred and thirty-nine thousand seven hundred and forty-seven Thirty-seven billion nine hundred and twenty-five million four h
28、undred and forty-one thousand and thirty-eight,a The Metric System & Chinese Equivalent,Length 长度 meter/m 米=3市尺 kilometer/km 公里=2市里 Area 面积 sq.m 平方米=3平方市尺 hectare/ha 公顷=15市亩 (1亩 =0.66ha) sq.km 平方公里=4平方市里 (km2) Weight/mass 重量与质量 kg 公斤=2市斤 q 公担=200市斤 MT 公吨=2000市斤 Capacity 容量 litre/l =1市升,b The British
29、 & US System,Length 长度mile/mi 哩=1,609km fathom/fm 寻=1,829m yard/yd 码=0.914m foot/ft 尺=30.48cm inch/in 寸=2.54cmWeight 重量 pound/lb. 磅=0.454kg ounce/oz. 盎司=28.35gCapacity 容量 gallon/gal. 加仑 4.5461Temperature 温度C (Centigrade) 摄氏=(F-32)5/9 F (Fahrenheit) 华氏=C9/5+32,vi. Interpretation of times (倍数的译法),In s
30、cientific English the use of times is quite common. As for the expression of times, there are many differences between English and Chinese. For example, “to increase 4 times”, in Chinese it can be put into “increase 3 times” (增加3倍), and also be put into增加到4倍. In English we can say “to reduce 4 times
31、” but in Chinese we cannot say in the same way. We can say “to reduce three quarter” (减少四分之三), or “to be reduced to one quarter”.,一、“几倍于”的译法,英语表示一事物的某种数量为另一事物的几倍时，通常使用一下三种结构来表达：“倍数asas”的译法英语表示“几倍于”常用倍数加asas即 “X times + as 形容词（副词） as” 结构（X代表任意整数）。因此又译为“是的X倍”、“为的X倍”或“X倍于”，其倍数照译不减。如果要译成双方比较相差的倍数，则将其倍数减
32、一，译成“比（X1）倍”。如 “10 times as large as”, 译成“大小是（为）的10倍”，或“比大9倍”。 On the earth everything is six times as heavy as on the moon.地球上每件东西的重量为月球上的6倍。,“倍数比较级than”的译法表示“几倍于”的概念，还可以用“X times +比较级than”结构。此结构表示的倍数与（一）结构相同，所以汉译时，同样译成“是的X倍”、“为的X倍”、“X倍于”或“比（X1）倍”。 Kuwait oil wells yield nearly 500 times more than
33、US wells. 科威特油井产油几乎五百倍于美国油井。,“倍数名词（代词that）”的译法英语还可以用“X times名词（代词that）”结构来表示“几倍于”，一般可译成“是的X倍”、“为的X倍”或“比（X1）倍”等。 In the workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that of January. 这个车间7月份的产量是元月份的3.5倍。 The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. In 1980 the export value of machine tool was 8 times that
34、 of 1970. 1980年机床的出口数为1970年的8倍。,二、“增加几倍”的译法,英语表示“增加几倍”，常用具有增加意义的动词加倍数，或只用具有倍数意义的动词。句中的倍数是指所增加的倍数与原有数之和。因此若译出净增加的倍数，就将原文减一，译成“增加了（X1）倍“，或”增加（X1）倍”。若要译出增加部分与原有部分之和，则照译不减，译成“增加到X倍”。,“表示增加意义的动词倍数”表增加意义的动词有increase、rise、grow、raise、exceed等。与其连用的倍数有三种形式：“数词times”;数词与fold组成的合成词;“by a factor of +数词“。比如3倍，又用3
35、 times 或 three-fold（threefold），也可用by a factor of three来表示。 With the result of automation productivity has increased 6 times in that factory. 由于自动化的结果，那个工厂的生产率增加了5倍。 （或译成增加到6倍）,“表示倍数意义的动词宾语”作动词用的倍数常见的有double（两倍）、treble（三倍）、quadruple（四倍）等。 As the high voltage was abruptly trebled, all the valves burnt
36、. 由于高压突然增加了两倍，管子都烧坏了。,综上所述,翻译“几倍于”和“增加几倍”时，汉语有两种不同的表示法，两者正好相差一倍，所以要多加注意。以three times为例： 包括原来底数的译法：“是三倍”、“为三倍”、“三倍于”或“增加到三倍”等。 不包括原来底数的译法：“大两倍”、“长两倍”、“增加两倍”或“增加了两倍”等。,三、倍数减少的译法,英语中还可以用具有减少意义的词加倍数来表示减少的数量。句中的倍数是指原量为现量的倍数。由于汉语不能说“减少多少倍”，所以汉译时需要将原文倍数化为分数，译成“减少了”（指减去部分），或译成“减少到“（指剩下部分）。 By using this new
37、 process the loss of metal was reduced four times. 采用这种新工艺使金属损耗减少了四分之三。（或译为降到了四分之一） The principal advantage is a four-fold reduction in volume. 主要优点是体积缩小了四分之三。 注： 如果减少的倍数中有小数点，则要换算成不带小数点的分数。比如reduce 4.5 times， 应换算成整数（）后，译成“减少到九分之二”，或“减少了九分之七”。,四比例与百分比 的表达法,1 比例的表达方式分两种，表示成正比常用词组：vary with, be propor
38、tional to, the morethe more。表示成反比常用词组：vary inversely with, the morethe less。例如： 商品的价格与质量成正比。 The prices of commodities vary with the quality. 如果电压不变，电阻和电流成反比。 If the voltage remains constant, the more the resistance the less the current.,2 百分比的表示法通常有以下三种情形： 百分数与by连用，作状语。例如： 与去年同期相比，国家第一季度的总收购量增长了6.2
39、%。 The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 6.2, compared with the same period of last year. 百分数单独做状语。例如： 去年日本小汽车产量比1990年下降了12。 The output of cars in Japan last year was 12% less than in 1990. 百分比作定语、宾语。例如： 金属损耗减少到30以下。 The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 30%.,五、趋势
40、语的表达法,英语中有丰富的描述数字上升、下降或稳定的词汇，即趋势语（trend language）。如下列句子中划线的词汇： The area of cultivated land decreased by 7.6 million hectares, but the yield per hectare rose by an average of 180 kg. Average annual grain supply per person grow from 200 to 400kg, and meat from 9 to 15kg.,下面列举一些英语中常用来表达趋势的词汇：,表示上升趋势：an
41、 increase增加, a rise提高, a climb爬升, a jump上升, a growth增长; to increase增加, to rise提高, to climb爬升, to jump上升, to grow增长, to reach升至, to go up上升。表示下降趋势：a fall下降, a drop跌落, a decline下跌, a decrease减少; to fall下降, to drop跌落, to decline下跌, a decrease减少, to go down下降, to bottom out降至最低点, to slow down减速, to dece
42、lerate减速。表示稳定：to remain (stable)保持，不变，稳定，维持; to stand at不变，稳定，维持; to level out (off)平衡，稳定。,汉语： “增加N元”，“增加N” 英译： a N yuan increase a N percent increase英语： a N-fold increase/increase N-fold/N times表示含义是增加到N倍，不是净增加数， 其汉语含义净增数应为N1倍。例证：During the critical year of 1917 Party membership rose tenfold from 2
43、0,000 to 200,000. 在关键性的1917年，党员人数从二万 增加 到二十万，即增加了九倍。,英语： “倍数强比较级”或“倍数over”的句型汉译： A比B多N1倍或A为B的N倍英语N times 和N-fold用于增减和强弱有多种说法，用于增加和强比较的是基数乘以N，意为“增加到N倍”、“为比较对象的N倍（如five times greater，即基数5）；用于减少或弱比较是“减少到”、“为比较对象的”（如seven times smaller即基数7，“缩小到七分之一”）。,Practice,到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番，达到40,000亿美元左右。By 2020, Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion. 一成即10%，60%即六成。“2成3”表达的意思是“23 %”，例如：今年的粮食产量比去年增长2成3。The output of grain this year has increased by 23% over last year,
